INDEX
Note: Bold page numbers refer to tables and page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes.
adat adjudication (Indonesia) 31–3
advocates 267–77, 282n102
aldermen: in Aberdeen 8, 9, 35n7, 50–1, 55n39, 56n65, 174, 210–12, 233, 249–50, 255–61, 266n89, 268, 277
in Ayr 131
in Braunschweig/Brunswick 142, 148
in Danzig 197
in Edinburgh 130
in Ghent 154, 156–7, 158, 160–5, 167n11
in Haddington 233
in Kampen 177, 181, 189n26
in Lübeck 142
in Magdeburg 145–6, 148, 152n39
in St Andrews 130
in Scotland 78n47, 133, 210, 227
appeal 6–10, 193, 198
arbitration 67, 72, 131, 143–9, 151n36, 151n37, 177, 193, 196, 203, 253 see also conflict management mediation
assizes see juries
bailies and bailie courts (Scotland) 8, 24–30, 32, 34, 35n7, 35n17, 50–1, 125–6, 128, 132–3, 207–12, 217, 249, 253–4, 261, 270
bishops, archbishops, and episcopal courts: in Flanders 156, 162
in Germany 143–8, 152n39, 152n40, 153n42
in Norway 109, 113
in Scotland 7, 46, 123, 130, 233, 238, 253, 255, 262, 268, 270 see also ecclesiastical courts
boundaries 12, 47, 105–6, 115, 125, 128, 133, 147, 193, 202–3 see also jurisdiction
borgh see surety
burgh courts (Scotland) 123, 125, 132 see also bailies and bailie courts guild court
bylaws 155–6, 185 see also legislation
canon law 10, 61, 66, 111, 147, 149, 151n36, 268, 272
ceremonies 10, 13, 42, 49–52, 158–9, 173–4, 176, 178, 179, 185–6, 189n25, 232, 253, 268
chamberlain (Scotland) 7–9, 18n72, 132–3, 253–4
civil law: in sense of Roman law 1, 61, 66, 111, 147, 149, 156, 262, 269, 271–3
in sense of non-criminal law 156, 175, 177, 182, 262, 271
clergymen 113–14, 121n70, 147, 160, 229, 248, 250, 257, 260
clerks 28–9, 42–3, 45–7, 51, 61–2, 96–8, 141, 268–71, 274–6, 278n18
College of Justice (Scotland) 236, 251, 262
compensation 50, 115–16, 122n94, 192, 209–10, 216
conflict management 115, 167n8, 194–5, 198, 203
feud 111, 167n8, 207, 216, 218–19
the peace 12, 50, 139–49, 175, 209–11, 216, 253–4
reconciliation and resolution 69, 111, 148–9, 151n37, 159–61, 176–7, 182, 186, 189n24, 194, 251, 261 see also arbitration mediation violence
contracts 6, 8–9, 12, 26, 114, 147, 155–6, 160–2, 164, 173–4, 179, 182, 184–6, 232
council, lords of (Scotland) 25, 131–4, 212–13, 236, 251, 262, 263n23
council, of towns and cities 12, 28, 41, 113, 139–49, 159, 183, 196–7, 201, 207, 233, 239, 252, 254, 256–8, 277, 261
crime and criminal matters 49, 115–16, 126–7, 141, 156–7, 168n22, 208, 218
culture of law see legal culture
custom 12–13, 29–31, 33–4, 37n65, 38n85, 48, 66, 108, 111, 153n42, 156, 163–6, 169n50, 178, 192–3, 195, 198–9
debt 48–9, 56n63, 154, 184, 235, 252–3, 255, 257, 259
Digest (of Justinian) 28–9 see also civil law
diplomacy 193, 195–7, 199, 201–3, 233
disobedience 47, 212, 253–4
documents see written documents
doom falsing 6–10, 213, 256
Dutch language 84–5, 94 see also vernacular language
ecclesiastical courts: in Scotland 236, 238, 272, 274
elites (various) 5, 12, 28, 41–2, 51–2, 62, 81–2, 98, 113–14, 123, 127–31, 134, 139, 141–9, 154, 156–8, 181, 199, 212, 218, 228, 232, 248, 250, 253–4, 276–7
English language 60, 73n2, 80–1, 95–6, 207 see also vernacular language
felony 208, 210, 211, 212–13, 214, 215–16, 217–18
feud see conflict management
fines see punishment
force see violence
forespeaker 4, 216, 247–8, 254–5, 261 see also legal experts
forest courts (Scotland) 125–9, 133–4
Great Council of Malines 198, 201
guild: courts 44, 83, 86, 252
of crafts 139, 141–5, 181–2
of merchants 98, 145, 147, 156, 189n24, 235, 252–3, 255, 261
Hanse, Hanseatic League 6, 13, 61, 109, 141, 144, 174, 181, 192–4, 196, 199–202
homicide 115–16, 127, 208–10, 213, 218 see also murder
houses 10, 13, 111–13, 125–6, 132–3, 173–87, 188n7, 190n53, 199–200, 234, 237
inheritance 112, 114, 129, 155–6, 159–61, 163, 165–6, 179, 182, 192–3, 195, 198–202, 206n38, 249–50, 257, 261 see also property transfer
insults 116, 141, 180, 207, 211
judges 25, 113, 145, 196, 202, 209, 270, 272, 274
juries 30, 207, 210, 216–18, 249–50, 254
jurisdiction 105–6, 110, 125, 127–8, 140, 148, 193, 195, 200, 202, 208–9, 211–13, 216
justice, assemblies and courts of (Norway) 111–13, 115, 117
justice ayre see justiciary court and justiciars
justiciary court and justiciars (Scotland) 124–6, 132–4, 209, 213, 218
Latin language 7, 9, 11, 58–71, 80–98, 207–9, 211, 213–14, 270
lawyers 30, 36n47, 37n65, 198, 235, 267, 271 see also legal experts advocates
legal culture 23, 31–3, 82, 98, 105, 127, 135
defined 2–3
and England 3
rural context 106, 115
urban context 5–6, 51–2, 61, 105–6, 111–18, 140, 144, 148–9, 154, 156, 193–4, 197, 202–3, 207, 228, 237, 267, 275, 277, 277n2
legal experts and specialists 12–14, 45, 113–16, 136n14, 147, 157, 228, 247–62, 265n46, 266n100, 267, 273, 275–7
legal terminology see terminology
legal training 28, 236, 247–8, 251, 261–2, 267, 270–5, 277n2
Leges Burgorum (Scotland) 63, 66, 110, 250, 257, 261
legislation: Code of the Realm (Norway) 12, 109–12, 114–17, 118n11, 119n28, 121n85
provincial laws (Norway) 109, 116
Scotland 7, 9, 81, 208–10, 212–13, 216, 218, 235, 250–1, 256, 257–61, 270
Town Law (Norway) 106, 109–17, 118n11, 119n28, 121n85
urban ordinances 28, 41, 144, 257–61 see also bylaws
linguistic change 4, 43–6, 58–63, 71, 82, 86–90, 101n41
literacy 11, 45–8, 61–2
maritime law 11, 23–34, 110, 195
marriage 6, 12, 114, 154–66, 179, 182, 184, 186, 187n5, 189n24, 200, 236
mayors 113, 141, 145, 147, 152n39
mediation 147, 182, 185, 193, 196, 203 see also conflict management
men of law see legal experts
multilinguality 58–71, 80–98, 207
murder 44, 115–16, 208–9, 218, 223n76 see also homicide
Norse language (Old Norse) 70, 110–11 see also vernacular language
notarial instrument 125–6, 132, 217, 236
notaries 11–14, 28, 42, 45–6, 51, 59, 62, 66, 68–71, 126, 131–2, 136n16, 173–6, 185–6, 191n80, 192, 236–40, 246n91, 247–8, 252, 254, 264n31, 267–71, 274–7, 278n18, 282n102 see also legal experts
pardon 208, 210, 216 see also remission
parliament: Scottish parliament as court 7, 250–1, 256, 261 see also legislation
peace see conflict management
petitions 25–9, 33, 35n15, 35n18, 38n78, 126, 159, 212, 251, 257
piracy 26 see also privateering
Polish language 58–9, 62, 64–8, 71 see also vernacular language
political culture 6, 41, 105
premeditation 207–19
priests see clergymen
privateering 194–8, 201
procedural law and legal process 24–8, 41, 44, 112, 114–17, 209, 216, 218, 261
change and continuity 4
procurators 8, 26–8, 47, 247–50, 254–5, 261, 272–4, 278n18 see also legal experts
property transfer 112–15, 117, 125, 140, 162, 165–6, 175–8, 192–203, 236, 248, 252–4, 268–9 see also inheritance marriage
provost (in Scottish towns) see aldermen
punishment (various) 24, 44, 48–52, 70, 111, 113, 115–16, 126, 129, 132, 140–2, 146, 156–9, 164, 181, 184, 189n24, 190n59, 197, 201, 210, 216–17, 222n70, 227, 232, 235, 255, 259, 279n40
remission 157, 208, 210, 212–13, 218 see also pardon
revolt see uprising
rituals see ceremonies
Roman law see civil law
Scots language 2, 7, 9, 43, 45, 58–70, 80–98, 207–9, 211, 213–14 see also vernacular language
scribes see clerks
session, court of (Scotland) 7, 45, 251, 262, 268, 270–2, 274–5, 282n102 see also College of Justice council, lords of
sheriffs and sheriff courts (Scotland) 7, 45, 124, 131–3, 209–10, 212–13, 218, 236, 268–70, 273–6
speech 8–9, 59–60
surety 131, 181, 200, 210, 211, 212, 217
borgh 3–4, 8, 24–6, 28, 35n15, 35n17, 255, 265n57
lawburrows 210, 216, 222n71, 253, 265n45
plegium 4, 7
terminology: communitarian 41, 133, 140, 145, 149n1
legal 4, 13, 70, 94, 96, 111, 177, 207–9, 213–16, 218
spatial 174, 188n7
urban 108, 140, 149n1
testimony 4, 29, 49, 115–16, 177, 183, 186
tolbooths see town halls
town halls 49–50, 52, 56n59, 112–13, 134, 173, 175, 210, 216, 227, 232, 236, 252, 256
uprising 141–2, 150n19, 164–5, 227 see also violence
urban culture 6, 52, 58, 105
urbanisation 6, 105–6, 108–9, 114, 234
de-urbanisation 117
vernacular language 2, 7, 9, 11, 43, 45, 58–71, 80–98, 213 see also Dutch language English language Norse language (Old Norse) Polish language Scots language
violence 13, 51, 111, 130–1, 133, 140–3, 145, 209–12, 234 see also conflict management insults uprising
witnesses 6, 8, 14, 27, 49, 65, 113–16, 125, 132, 160, 173, 175–8, 181–6, 239–40 see also testimony
women and law 13, 156–7, 163–6, 183, 198–201, 211, 218
written documents 8–9, 11, 24–7, 42–52, 61–2, 112, 114–15, 125–6, 132, 143, 147–8, 156, 161, 164–5, 192, 195, 197–8, 200–2, 215, 217, 236, 254, 267–9, 272