General Index

Abbasids 175

abolitionism (British) 388-421

See also abolitionist lawyers; abolitionist proceduralism; anti-slavery; slavery abolitionist lawyers 389-92, 397, 400, 406-09, 414, 419 abolitionist proceduralism 393-4, 405, 419-21

aboriginal title 537-43, 542n72 absolute power.

Acton, John Dalberg-Acton, First Baron 514 Adams, John 347, 350n88 admiralty 336, 338, 367, 369, 373-5, 377, 381-2, 550, 556

adoption 136-9, 148-50, 152-3, 155-6 Aelius Marcianus. See Marcianus

Aetolians, treaty with Rome 115

Al-fatdwd al-'dlamkiriyya 468, 469, 473, 475, 476, 479, 484

Al-hiddya 472, 473, 473n26, 475 al-Marghinani 472 al-Muqtadir, caliph 173 al-Sajawandi 472

Alanus Anglicus 226, 231n79

Albericus de Rosate 232

Albericus Gentilis. See Gentili, Alberico Albornoz, Gil 282

Alessandria 303

Alexander Tartagnus 283

Alexander the Great 151

Alexandria 170, 186

Alexios Stoudites, patriarch of Constantinople 181

Alfonso x 373

Alighieri, Dante. See Dante Alighieri amaNdebele-BSAC War 530-3, 535, 537

as �conquest’ 534-5, 538, 541, 543 Amari, Michele 303 ambassadors (right to send and receive). See ius legationis

Ambrose of Milan 253, 256-8, 260, 267 American Revolution 377, 381-2

See also War of American Independence

Anacletus ιι (antipope) 195 anakrisis (preliminary hearings) 81, 82 analogies (in legal thought) 12-20, 196, 240, 255, 257, 288, 393-4, 398, 400, 407-9, 411, 469, 521, 522, 538, 540, 543-4 between church and state 13-4, 254-5,

273

See also authorities; principles

Andrea Alciato 296-7

Andreas de Isernia 231n79, 294-5

Angelus de Ubaldis 294 Anglo-Mohammedan law 484, 485n52 anthropinos 21, 90

See also mankind; rights, of humanity Anthropocene 363

Anti-Slavery and Aborigines Protection Society 536

anti-slavery 396, 419

See also abolitionism

Antioch 170, 181-5

Antiochia 256n12, 303

Aphrodisias 119-20

Appendix Eclogae 172

Aquinas, Thomas.

Ardagh, John 549-50, 564-5, 568, 571, 574 Aristotle 21, 25, 215, 227, 290, 583n25 armed neutrality 345-53

See also balance of power; Catherine ιι of Russia; Alexander Hamilton; George Washington

Armenians 179, 183

Armitage, David 36

Arnold of Brescia 193

Arnold, Thomas 511

Arrighi, Giovanni 300

Astypalaia, treaty with Rome 115-16 Athenian Empire 110-13

Athens 5, 7, 20-1, 25, 70n3, 71, 73, 75, 78-9, 83, 85-6, 88, 90-6, 110-3, 290, 310

Assembly 71, 73, 74, 76-7, 79-81, 83-5, 95 Five Hundred, Council of (Boule) 74, 76-7, 79-80, 83-5, 88, 95

Areopagus, council of 89 hegemony, of 72, 85, 87-8, 89, 92, 96

atimia 81

Atlantic Ocean 363, 366, 375-7

Attalus in 117

Augustine 223, 257 n17, 258, 260 Augustus, Caesar Octavianus 252-73

See also census, universality

Aurangzeb Alamgir (emperor) 468, 477, 478, 484

Austin, John 559

legal thought of 556, 559, 570 authoritativeness. See authorities (in legal thought)

authorities in legal thought 24-30, 71, 90-1, 118, 127, 134, 145-7, 151-5, 157, 161-2, 170, 180-1, 190, 193, 195-7, 223, 254, 264,

267- 8, 280-1, 283-4, 286-8, 294, 326, 332-3, 342, 351, 368, 371, 383, 391-2, 397-8, 400, 403, 408, 414, 465, 468-9, 476, 478n35, 553-4, 568, 573, 589, 522, 528-31

precedents as forms of 4, 23, 25, 29, 31, 53, 92, 95, 152, 162, 183, 282, 322, 327, 367, 400, 409, 411, 414, 441, 445, 474, 476, 483, 503, 508, 510, 514, 574, 593

See also analogies; principles

Aymericus 194, 195, 197

Ayrault, Pierre 241

Azo 284

Bacon, Francis 375 balance of power 348-9, 350n88

See also armed neutrality

Baldus de Ubaldis 26, 230, 234-5, 269-70, 280-99

historical sense of 286-7 on power of emperor to confiscate subjects' property 293-4 on sovereignty of cities 289-90 on sovereignty of kings 291 Balearic Islands 300, 304, 312, 315

�proto-crusade' against Arab rule there 300, 311

baptism of Muslims 184-5

Barklie, John 535

Bartholomaeus Socinus 283 Bartolomeus of Novara 269

Bartolus de Sassoferrato 10, 26, 231-5, 253,

268- 9, 280-99, 588

and civitas sibi princeps 289

and de iure-defacto argument 287, 289,

294

Basil I (Byzantine emperor) 174 BasilicalBasilika 148n89, 160, 174-5, 186 Bassianus, Johannes 225, 227n64 Battle of Plassey 477

Beaconsfield, First Earl of.

Benjamin

Bede the Venerable 256

Bell, Duncan 515

Bentham, Jeremy 18, 213

Benveniste, Emile 273 biblical exegesis 252-73

See also political theology

Black Sea 73, 74, 85, 86

Blackstone, Sir William 390-2, 394, 398, 400, 414, 470n21

Bodin, Jean 28, 244n118, 294, 297, 581-4 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio 259, 263 Book of the Eparch 26, 175-6, 178 Borchardt, Rudolf 301, 308-313

his notion of a �creative restoration' 309 his Pisa 309-313

Bosporus 73, 85

Boukellarion, theme (province) of 173 Braudel, Fernand 1, 36

British crown. See crown (British)

British Empire 11, 16, 17, 18, 23, 377-81, 391, 393, 394, 409, 487, 492-3, 499, 503, 505-14, 539, 564, 583

British South Africa Company 521, 524-41, 544-6

Bryce, James 492-519 Buckingham, Duke of. See Villiers, George Bulgarus 194, 195, 197, 206-7 Burgundio of Pisa 207

Burke, Edmund 16

Buxton, Sydney 531-2

Byzantine Empire 4, 26, 148, 159-61,

167- 188

See also East Roman Empire (early Byzantium)

cabinet 507-8

Cagliari 306-7, 314

Callisura 179-80

Calvin’s Case 376

Canary Islands 315

Canning, Joseph 231 canon law 14, 22, 24, 27, 168, 171, 181-6, 189, 203, 260, 264, 280-2, 285-6, 296

See also divine law; Gratian; Law of Moses Carolingians 175

Carson, Edward 549, 551, 569

Castro, Paulus de. See Paulus de Castro Catalonia 304, 310

Catherine ιι of Russia 348-9

See also armed neutrality

Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles 498 census 252-73

Roman law institution 255-6 its theological reinterpretation 256-61 its political and juridical

reinterpretation 262-72

See also legitimacy, political subjection, political theology, tax payment, universality

centralisation (as socioeconomic and political process) 39-41, 50, 59-61, 63

Cersebleptes 85, 86, 88, 93 Chamberlain, Joseph 499

Chancery. See Court of Chancery Charidemus 71-4, 85-95

Charlemagne 200, 271-2, 513

Charles ι of England/Scotland/Ireland 336, 343, 384

Charles ιv (Holy Roman emperor) 252, 264, 273

Charles v of France 252, 272-3

Chersonese 86, 87, 88, 89, 93

Chios 310

Chosen People 170 church (Christian) 9-10, 13, 14, 16, 157-9,

496, 513

See also biblical exegesis; canon law; council (church); Church of Ireland; Church of the East; Church of St.

Church of Ireland 496

Church of St. Mamas 178

Church of the East 169, 181

Churruca, Juan de 222

Cicero 16, 21, 22, 24, 162, 215, 425n1, 437, 457 cities 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13-4, 69-73, 79, 83, 86, 89, 95, 98, 99

inter-poleis relations 69, 70n3, 71-2, 86, 92, 96

legal personality of 204-6

citizenship, Athenian 74, 88, 92

Roman 114, 126, 242, 508, 510 seafarers 367

civil law. See ius civile; Roman law

civil strife/war 240-4, 349, 458, 548, 580

American 548

See also war

civilisation (in international legal thought) 18-9, 23, 533, 540, 542-4, 562, 569

civilisation, degrees of. See civilisation (in international legal thought) civilised powers. See civilisation (in international legal thought) civitas. See cities class action 419

See also collective litigation; representative litigation

classical law 125-34, 136, 139-40, 148-66

classics 510-11

Cleansing of the Ancient Laws 174-5, 180 Cnut 363, 384

Codex Gregorianus 168

Codex Hermogenianus 168

codex magisterium vitae 168

Codex Theodosianus 167-9 codification 26, 28, 42, 58, 60, 160-1, 165,

168- 70, 174-5, 197, 281, 286, 301, 368, 462-5, 474, 476-7, 482-4, 548-50, 557, 561, 564, 569, 574

Coercion Act (1881) 497

Coke, Sir Edward 376-7

Colebrooke, Henry Thomas 466, 475n31 collective litigation 392-4, 399, 414-15

See also class action; representative litigation

Collingwood, R.G. 599

Colonial Office (British) 521, 528, 530-3, 544, 550

See also War Office (British) colonialism 17, 301, 309-10, 315, 317-9,

483

See also imperialism; settler colonialism comitia 506 commerce. See trade commercial law 344, 350, 468,

482 common law (English) 23, 29, 336-7, 339,

373, 379, 381, 389-90, 392-4, 396,

398-400, 409, 411-4, 417, 419, 420-1, 441,

453, 458, 466, 470, 475, 480, 483, 486, 537-8, 542-3, 559, 570 common law (European). See ius commune commonwealth

American (by James Bryce) 19, 515

European 514-5

Hobbesian 364, 379-80 world under jurisdiction of ius

gentium 238

Compensation for Disturbance Bill of

1880 497 concessions 520, 523, 524-30, 532, 534,

539-41, 544-5

See also contracts; treaties conquest.

Constance de Altavilla 199

Constantine ι (Roman emperor) 132-3, 151,

157, 168-9, 203, 258

See also Donation of Constantine Constantine ιx Monomachos (Byzantine emperor) 182

Constantine v (Byzantine emperor) 171 Constantinople 127, 170, 173-4, 176, 181-2,

186, 303-4, 314, 339 mosque of 173-4 Constitutio Antoniniana 126, 130, 134, 145 constitutionalism 30, 31, 71, 75, 95-6, 98,

393, 492-519

Consulate of the Sea 374 contracts 31, 138, 149, 217, 220, 222, 230, 333,

335, 367, 384, 397, 399, 404, 408, 412-3,

468, 470, 472, 475, 482-4, 487, 502-4, 522-3, 529, 532, 539, 540, 545

See also concessions; treaties Corinth 117

Corn Laws 495 corporation 1, 3, 4, 11, 521-3, 528, 535, 540

See also cities; crown; personality/ personhood (legal)

Corpus Iuris Civilis 22, 125-6, 148, 159-60,

169- 70, 174, 178, 194, 209, 262, 280-5, 287, 291, 294, 470, 474

See also ius civile; Roman law; Justinian

Corsica 306, 314-5

cosmic order (in Egyptian justice) 42 council (church)

Chalcedon 169

Nicaea 169

Trullo 171, 184

Court of Chancery 373-4, 377, 399,

407, 423, 444-5, 453

Court of King's Bench 376-7, 381, 389, 391-5, 402, 406-7, 414, 417, 418-21

Court of Star Chamber 374

Crete 310

Cromwell, Oliver 344, 508-9 crown (British) 11, 425, 428-9, 431, 433, 438, 440, 449, 451, 454-6, 448, 483, 487, 521-7, 530, 533, 536, 537, 539-41, 543, 545

See also instructions (to governors); patenting of land (American colonies); prerogative (royal)

Crusade (First) 182 crusader states 316

Cunaeus, Petrus 343

Cunctos populos 288 custom 28, 30, 52, 128, 133-9, 141-5,

148-66, 215, 219, 222, 231, 233, 286, 288-9, 292, 340, 369, 374, 377, 416, 440, 447, 452, 465-6, 471, 477, 481-2, 484-6, 503, 507

See also customary law; lex non scripta customary law 19, 148, 341, 373, 466, 481-2, 563

See also custom; lex non scripta

Cynus de Pistoia 232

Cyprus 171

Dana, Francis 352

Dante Alighieri 253, 267-68, 296, 301, 309, 316-9

his Divina Commedia 316, 318

his Ulysses 316-7

his Virgil 316-7

De administrando imperio 174 de iure-defacto argument 287, 289-91, 294-5

Deane, Silas 352n92, 353

Decemvirate 507 decentralisation (as socioeconomic and political process) 40, 50, 58-61, 63

Decisiones of Justinian 134 n27, 146, 153, 155 n111

decree (psephisma) 71, 74-8, 80-4, 86-93,

95 7

of Aristocrates 71-2, 83, 85-7, 89-94, 97 honorific 86-7, 90, 92, 94-6 probouleuma (preliminary decree) 76, 80, 95

Dee, John 341

Della Valle, Pietro 339

Demosthenes 70, 71, 75, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,

91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97 devolution (legislative) 493 Dicey, Albert Venn 492, 494, 500-2,

570 disherison 140, 141, 144, 148, 149, 153-4 Disraeli, Benjamin 496-7 divine law 223, 225

See also canon law dominium 131, 208, 209n55, 216n12, 225, 265n40, 266n43, 271n51, 294n34, 335, 372, 469, 539

- mundi 206-9

- naturale 293

- utile 190, 230

Donation of Constantine 285 donationes mortis causa.

Downing College (Cambridge) ix, 529 doxa (reputation) 93, 94

Draco. See Law of Draco

Drayton, Michael 340 Dutch East India Company (vo c) 324-8, 330-1, 334, 350n88, 354

East India Company. See Dutch East India Company (voc); English/British East India Company

East Roman Empire (early Byzantium) 125-166

See also Byzantine Empire ecclesiastical authority (and its relation to imperial authority) 265, 267-8, 270-3

Ecloga 159, 171

Egypt 36-68, 118n32, 128, 137-8, 151, 186 Eisagoge 174-5

Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Baron 376 emergency. See necessity emperor. See Aurangzeb Alamgir; Basil i; Constantine i; Constantine v; Constantine ιx; Charles ιv; Frederick Barbarossa; Frederick ii; Henry vi; Henry vii; Gratian; imperium; imperator; Julian; Justinian i; Justinian ιι; Leo iii; Leo vi; Nikepheros ιι Phokas; Theodosius i; Thoedosius ii empire (definition) 6-7, 10, 12

See also Athenian Empire; British Empire; Byzantine Empire; Ndebele Empire; Roman Empire; East Roman Empire (early Byzantium); Holy Roman Empire; imperium; imperator enemy 218, 242 English Channel 373 English/British East India Company 324, 345, 350n88, 354, 464-6, 472, 476, 477, 479, 480, 483, 485, 486 epieikeia. See equity Epitome Legum 174 Equiano, Olaudah 394, 415-17, 420 equity 21, 133, 151, 154, 162, 225, 369, 374-6, 378, 380-2, 384, 391-2, 399, 413, 429, 435, 438, 440, 444, 443-5, 453, 523, 535-6

Erskine, Perry 480-1 Eusebius of Caesarea 257-8, 267 Eustathios Rhomaios 181 Evrard de Tremaugon 272 exceptionalism 329-30, 336, 338, 340-4

See also imperialism; secularisation extradition 86, 91 Extravagantes 281

farman 477 Jatawa 473-5 federalism 19, 349, 353, 515-6 feudal law. See feudalism feudalism 17, 19, 283, 292, 407, 411, 429-34, 455-6, 458-9, 582 fiduciae 131, 134, 157 Finlay, Robert 549-52, 569 fiq^h 475ⁿ3⁰

First Intermediate Period (of Egypt) 38, 40-1, 57-61

Florence 314, 315 Florentinus 230n76

Franklin, Benjamin 352

Franks 182

Frederick Barbarossa (emperor) 191, 197, 199, 200, 207

Frederick ιι (emperor) 296

Freeman, Edward Augustus 511-17

Froude, James Anthony 510

Gage, General Thomas 432

Gaius 22, 136, 143, 145, 176, 215-9, 221-2, 224, 227, 229-30

Gale v. Wilkinson 376

Geneva Convention (1864) 551, 559, 561, 563

(1868) 551

(1906) 556, 569, 571-2, 574

Genoa 193, 300, 304, 310, 314, 319

Gentili, Alberico 242-3, 297, 347, 365, 555, 558n41

Georgians 183, 185

Germany 587-99 imperialism 309 loss of empire after wwι 301

Nazi imperialism 309

Philistine atmosphere during Wilhelmine era 308

Gibbon, Edward 362, 510

Gierke, Otto von 28, 189, 203 gifts in anticipation of death 134-6, 148-9, 153, 156

Giles of Rome 224, 227, 229

Gladstone, William 492-500, 510,

515-6

Godefroy, Denys 237n101

Goffredo da Viterbo 200 good faith 214, 503-4 grain trade 72, 73, 74 graphe (written indictment) 81 graphe paranomon. See judicial review Graswinckel, Dirk 343, 347

Gratian (Roman emperor) 167-9

Gratian (theologian and jurist) 23-4, 223-5, 281

See also canon law

Great Famine (1845) 495

Gregory Thaumatourgos 184

Gregory the Great 256

Grotius, Hugo 11, 15, 18, 23, 27, 28, 32, 236, 243-4, 297, 322-39, 341-8, 350-2, 354-5, 365, 378-9, 397-8, 408, 568 guilds 26, 176, 482

Guldi, Jo 36

habeas corpus (writ) 388-421, 480

See also Habeas Corpus Act

Habeas Corpus Act (1679) 392, 396-9, 401, 408-09, 411, 418

See also habeas corpus (writ)

Hague Conference (1899) 18, 548-50, 561, 564, 565-7, 569

See also Hague Convention (1899)

Hague Convention (1899) 549-51,

553-4, 559, 563, 564-6, 574

See also Hague Conference (1899) Hale, Matthew 338n62 Hall, William Edward 563 Halleck, Henry 563, 568 Hamilton, Alexander 349-53 Hamilton, Charles 466, 472-475, 484 Hammurabi. See Laws of Hammurabi Hampden, Edmund 336 Hanafi (Sunni school of jurisprudence) 468, 473n26, 476

See also Jiqh; Islamic law

Hanazit 179-80

Hargrave, Francis 406-11

Harington, John Herbert 466, 477-8, 484 Hastings, Warren 466

Hawai'i 383

Hawarden Kite 499 hegemony 72, 85, 87-9, 92, 96, 107-10, 113, 121, 152, 262, 300, 300, 462, 595

Heinsius, Daniel 325

Henricus de Segusio (Hostiensis) 231 Henry vι (emperor) 199, 200

Henry vιι (emperor) 294 Hereford map 273

Herlihy, David 313, 315

Hermodorus 154, 155

Hermogenian 217-22, 225, 230, 235,

237

Herodotus 371

Hindu law 472, 475n31

Hitler, Adolf 579, 585-8, 592, 596-8 Hobbes, Thomas 11, 28, 364, 379-80, 383-4, 583n25, 585, 588n43

Hoffmann, Florian 214

Holland, Thomas Erskine 18, 28, 549-63,

566-9, 571-4

Holy Roman Empire 252, 513, 584 relationship with local powers/national kingdoms 264-5, 268-70 home rule (Ireland) 19, 492-519 as analogy 538

Home Rule League 497

Homer 370-1 homicide 86, 89-92

See also Law of Draco

honour (time) 71, 75, 85, 93

Horus (Egyptian god) 49

Hostiensis. See Henricus de Segusio

Hotman, Frangois 241, 297

Hotman, Jean 243

Howell, James 343

Hugh of St. Cher 260-1, 263

human rights 5, 21, 31, 389, 394, 397-8, 409, 412, 414, 420

See also natural rights; rights, of humanity; rights talk

humanism 24, 241, 296-7

See also mankind; scholasticism humankind. See mankind hypomosia 80-1

Ibn Hawqal 173 ideological power 106 imperator 7-10, 119, 127, 147, 149, 155, 191-2, 200, 252, 257-9, 269-72, 284-5, 287-9, 293-4, 296-7

imperialism 323, 326-7, 343, 345, 348, 354-6, 505, 589-93

See also colonialism; exceptionalism; settler colonialism

imperium 7-13, 27, 127, 145, 148, 151-2, 155, 157, 159, 162-3, 257-8, 265, 268n46, 271, 285, 288n20, 319, 335, 372, 587-9

See also imperator

Indian Wars 442, 448, 451

inheritance ex certa re 128-131, 148, 149, 151, 152, 156

Innocent ιι (pope) 195

Innocent iii (pope) 264 insolvency 394, 417-9

Institut de droit international 18, 548, 557, 572

instructions (to governors) 428 inter-poleis relations. See cities international law 1, 2, 5, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 27,

28, 37, 71-2, 108, 110, 120, 213-4, 218, 219, 220, 221, 226, 227, 237, 239, 240, 295, 322-3, 326-7, 328-30, 334-41, 343-5, 347, 349-52, 354-5, 363, 366, 368, 478n36, 487, 500, 523, 527, 529, 538, 543-4, 549-50, 555-8, 562-8, 574, 578-9, 586, 590, 593-7

See also ius inter gentes; ius gentium interpolity law. See international law; cities (inter-poleis relations)

Ireland 494-504

Irish Home Rule. See home rule (Ireland) Irish National Land League 497

Irnerius 225

Isidore of Seville 214, 221, 222-4, 228, 236, 371-2

Islam 468

Islamic law 466, 468-76, 478-81, 484

See alsoJiqh, Hanafi (Sunni school of jurisprudence)

Italy

fascism 302

loss of empire after battle of Adwa 301 Risorgimento 302

ius ad bellum, - in bello, - post bellum. See war, laws of

ius animalium 229

ius civile 5, 194, 197, 212-45, 290, 294, 369, 373, 466, 471, 475, 483, 486-7, 494, 501, 543, 55

See also Corpus Iuris Civilis; Roman law ius commune 217, 227, 240, 244, 280-1, 283-4, 374

ius fetiale 214

ius gentium 10, 23-4, 26, 213-45, 281, 286, 288-91, 293-5, 372, 379, 476

See also international law; ius inter

gentes

ius inter gentes 213, 239, 244-5, 295

See also international law; ius inter gentes ius legationis 240-5 ius naturale. See natural law

Jacobite. See Syrian Orthodox Church Jacques de Revigny 205, 207-9, 230, 232 Jaffa 303

James, Sir Henry 501-04

Jameson, Leander Starr 524, 530,

534, 536

Jason de Maino 283 ^jay^{, John} 35²

Jefferson, Thomas 23, 352, 382, 433-4 Jerusalem 182

Jesus 252, 255-60, 267, 272

as imperator 256-8, 267 John of Damascus 172-3 John Okropir, katholikos 185 John vιι Sarigta (Syrian Orthodox patriarch of Antioch) 179-80 John XXIi (and the Avignon papacy) 265, 270

See also ecclesiastical authority Johnson, Sir William 17, 426-59 Jones, William 16, 462, 466-79, 481, 484, 486n54

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (UK) 17^, 5⁰7^, 5²3^, 53^6-7^, 539^, 544 judicial review 4, 21, 75-85

graphe nomon me epitedeion theinai 74, 77-80, 82, 83, 84, 87, 96, 98

graphe paranomon 71, 74, 75-85, 87, 88, 93, 95, 96, 97

Julian (Roman emperor) 167 Julius Caesar 508-10 jurisprudence 10, 19-20, 28, 30, 37, 221, 283-4, 286, 294, 296-7, 364, 370, 371, 392, 420, 454, 463-7, 469-76, 481-6, 517, 536, 556, 567, 569, 580, 596

See also Hanafi; legal thought Justinian i (emperor and legislator) 4, 7, 8, 11, 14, 16, 22, 26, 125-66, 167-71, 173-5, 178-81, 191-2, 194-5, 196-8, 201-2, 204, 207, 209, 219, 221-30, 233, 238, 283, 285, 362, 364-5, 368-371, 376, 468, 470,

555

See also Roman Empire; Roman law Justinian Ii (Byzantine emperor) 171

Kadijustiz 479, 480

Kantorowicz, Ernst 22n33, 203, 205 Kaser, Max 216n15, 218, 223n43

Kent, James 563 Koskenniemi, Martti x, 594n68

Labouchere, Henry 531-3, 547 Lactantius 203

Land War 496 Laodicea/Laodikeia 181, 184, 303 Laurentius Hispanus 226 Lauterpacht, Hersch 18, 19, 27, 28, 322n2, 543n75 law (definition) 3-6

See also Anglo-Mohammedan law; canon law; common law (English); custom; Hindu law; international law; Islamic law; jurisprudence; legal thought; natural law; nomos; political thought; private law; public law; Roman law; Roman-Dutch law law of bailments 469 law of citations 145-6, 148, 150, 155, 162 law of dowries 149n91 Law of Draco 90-1

See also homicide

Law of Moses 223, 225 law of nations. See international law law of the sea 11, 14-15, 23, 27, 367-370, 372-3, 378-9

See also Rhodian maritime law lawgiver 71, 76-7

authority of 21, 25, 71, 90, 95 intent of 75, 85, 89-91, 97 lawmaking (nomothesia) 77 Laws of Hammurabi 151 laws of war. See war, laws of legal personality/personhood. See personality/personhood (legal) legal pluralism 8, 37, 60-1, 109-10, 122, 366, 463, 485

legal thought ix-xi, 1-35, 37, 63, 70-2, 190-1, 198, 254, 362-6, 377, 463-4, 472, 483, 485-6, 494, 517, 523, 543, 545, 550, 558, 573-4, 580

as distinct from political thought 30-2, 517

See also analogies; authorities; law (definition); political thought; principles leges generales 167 legislative contract. See parliamentary contract (or compact) legitimacy (of imperial authority) 253, 261, 262, 267-8, 270-3

See also census; political subjection; universality

Leibniz, G.W.F. 462, 480, 486n54

Leo in (Byzantine emperor 171

Leo vi (Byzantine emperor) 174 Levant 300, 303, 310, 315-6, 318-9 lex citandi. See law of citations lex commissoria 131-3, 151 lex de provinciis praetoriis 118-19 Iexfalcidia 129-30, 139-143 lex non scripta 19, 215, 481-2

See also custom; customary law; lex scripta lex regia 284-5 lex repetundarum 117 lex rupilia 114 lex scripta 476, 481, 482, 486

See also lex non scripta

Liber extra 281

Liberal Party (UK) 492 liberalism 323, 326, 336, 344, 350, 354-6 Librifeudorum 283

Lieber Code 548, 557, 563 literacy rates 39-41, 439, 553-4

Little England 510

Livy 218, 221

Lobengula 520-7, 529-41, 544-7 locatio 471

Loch, Sir Henry B. 524, 527-31, 533

Locke, John 408

Long, Edward 410-13, 420 longue duree ix, 30-1, 36, 58, 63, 280, 319,

326n8, 355, 458

Lopez, Robert S. 313

Lowe, Robert 510

Lucas de Penna 262

Lucca 10, 14, 199-200, 210, 212, 253, 263-4, 274, 303, 308

Machiavelli, Niccolo di Bernardo dei 28, 351, 582

Madison, James 351, 354

Maine, Henry Sumner 13, 18, 19, 24, 37, 58, 482, 539, 562

Maitland, Frederic William 1, 3, 29, 203 mankind 213, 219-20, 224-5, 228-9, 233, 235n95, 236, 511-2

See also anthropinos; rights of humanity Mansfield, William Murray, Lord Chief Justice, 1st Earl of 30, 381, 389-92, 395-6, 398, 401-15, 417, 420-1 Manusmrti 470, 475, 475n31

Manzikert, battle of 181 Marcian. See Marcianus Marcianus 132, 153, 219-22, 225,

230, 237

mare liberum 365, 378-9

See also law of the sea

mare nostrum 365

See also law of the sea maritime law. See law of the sea Mark, patriarch of Alexandria 186 Maroneia, treaty with Rome 115 Marsilius of Padu 296 martial law 337, 496, 551, 565, 567-71, 574 Martinus 206, 207 Marxism 598 Matthew 223 Maurice, Prince of Orange 329 Mediterranean Sea 4, 7, 14, 33, 37, 105-7, 109, 113, 117, 175-6, 216, 222, 302, 305, 310-12, 319, 362, 366, 369, 373-4, 377 Melitene 179-80 Melville, Herman 11, 362, 364, 366, 374, 376, 383-4

Menenius Agrippa 241n113 merchants 176-9

Messina 300 metaphor 9, 53, 257, 365, 376n25, 522 mia sarx 172n12

Miaphysite 169

Michael the Syrian 179-80

Middle Kingdom (of Egypt) 38, 41,

54-62

Milton, John 344, 346 ministry of instruction 182 Mirabilia Urbis Romae 191 Misselden, Edward 345 mixed marriages 184 Modestinus 145 Molina, Louis de 238-9 Momigliano, Arnaldo 511-12 monastery 141, 203 of Mar Saba 183 of the Virgin of the Pomegranate 182 of Symeon the Wonderworker 182 of the Theotokos 185

Monophysite. See Miaphysite Monroe Doctrine 590-3 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de

Secondat 30, 32, 396-7

More, Thomas 374-5

Morris, Elaine 37

Moses. See Law of Moses

Mughal 477-80, 484

Muhammad (prophet) 175

Mun, Thomas 345

Muslims

under Byzantine rule 181

in India 468

See also Islam

nation building (as political concept) 60 national character 508 native title. See aboriginal title natural law 22-4, 213-21, 223-40, 363, 364,

368, 390, 393, 396, 398, 408-09, 412, 419-21, 470n21, 476, 487, 528

See also natural rights natural rights 389-90, 396-8, 409, 412-13,

417, 419-20

See also natural law

Navigation Acts 383

Ndebele Empire 520-1

Nea Justinianopolis 171 necessity (or emergency) 324, 333n44, 334,

507-8, 510

Nedham, Marchamont 343

Neocaesarea in Pontos 184 Nestorian. See Church of the East New Kingdom (of Egypt) 53 Nicholas Mystikos (patriarch of

Constantinople) 173

Nietzsche, Friedrich 308

Nika riots in Constantinople 126-7,

¹57

Nikephoros ιι Phokas (Byzantine emperor) 179-80

Niketas of Byzantium 173

Nikon of the Black Mountain 181-5 nomokanon 186

nomos (law) 76-80, 82-4, 86-7, 89-91, 186 ethos of 75, 87, 89, 91

nomothesia. See lawmaking nomothetai. See lawgiver Noumera prison (Constantinople) 173

O'Connell, Daniel 495 occupation 222, 231

See also ownership

ocean (okeanosjoceanus) as historical environment 362, 367-8, 371, 384

See also Atlantic Ocean; Pacific Ocean office 4, 7-11, 16, 21, 22n33, 25, 63, 167, 425-6, 435, 441, 453-4, 458, 509, 521, 525, 528, 549, 574 oikonomia 184-5

Old Kingdom (of Egypt) 38-40, 54-62

Old Testament 170

Oldradus de Ponte 231n79, 232, 233n86, 283,

294

Oleron 373-4

Olivier, Sidney 530, 533-4 Oppenheim, Lasa 571, 574 Opsikion, theme (province) of 173 orality

in Egyptian justice 42

in Bengali justice 467

Orford, Anne 1, 2, 28, 214n3

Origen 256

Orosius 253, 258-9, 262-3, 267 Ors, Alvaro d' 222 orthodoxy, Christian (definition) 167-9

Ottoman rule 160-1, 185 ownership 225-6, 228, 230, 235n94, 236n99, 537, 540-1

See also occupation

Oxford Movement 512

Oxford University Press. See professionalism (in legal publishing and practice)

Pacific Ocean 383

pagans 177-8

Pagden, Anthony 151, 318

Palermo 300, 302

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd

Viscount 510

Papinian 26, 142, 143, 145, 155,

159-60

Parliament (British) 378, 381,

499-504

parliamentary contract (or compact) 503-4

parliamentary sovereignty. See sovereignty Parnell, Charles Stewart 497-8 pars legitima 139-145, 153-5

party caucus 508

Paschal Vigil 185 patenting of land (American colonies) 430,

434

patria potestas 136, 137, 138, 141, 152-3,

160

See also potestas absoluta Paul (Roman jurist). See Paulus Paul of Tarsus (and the Letter to the

Romans) 259-261, 273

Paulus de Castro 235, 236, 283

Paulus 26, 29, 145, 146, 149, 153, 242 Peace of Constance 198 Peel, Sir Robert 495

Peloponnesian War 110

Pepy Ii 39

Persian Wars 110 personality/personhood (legal) 14, 18, 201,

203-4, 206, 392, 400, 522, 528, 539, 543-4, 562

Perun 178

Peter Lombard 260-1

Peter, Apostle 182-3

Peterson, Erik 257

Petition of Right (1628) 336-7, 567 Philaretos Brachamios 183

Philip Decius 283, 294

Photios (patriarch of

Constantinople) 184-5

Pierre de Belleperche 231-3

Pillius de Medicina 199, 201, 202, 204

Pinto, Isaac 349n88

Pisa 10, 11, 14, 191, 193, 195-7, 202, 207, 212, 231, 263

alliance with German Emperors 302-3, 309-11

aristocratic families' rule in Sardinia 305, 308

colonial policy and bureaucracy 310, 313 colonial ideology and imagination 310,

319

communal institutions 301, 303, 308, 310 consuls 307

Curiae maris (maritime commune) 307,

314

imperial cosmopolitanism 315

loss of empire 313-5

Podesta (ruling magistrate) 307

Republic 300, 307, 308 seaborne sovereignty 301-3, 306, 308 westward expansion 310, 312

Placentinus 194, 199, 201, 226

Plato 22, 25

pledge securities 131-4, 148-51, 157

Pliny the Elder 371 pluralism. See legal pluralism poinalios 171 polis. See cities politei 83n49, 105, 111 political subjection (and its theological justification) 254, 259-60, 263-4, 271-3

See also census; ecclesiastical authority; Holy Roman Empire, relationship with local powers/national kingdoms; tax payment

political theology (analogies between political, juridical and theological concepts) 254-5, 273

See also analogies; canon law; census; ecclesiastical authority; Jesus; political subjection; universality

political thought 3, 10, 31-2, 170n8, 192, 254, 269-70, 290, 296, 362, 364-7, 372, 383, 517, 581, 583, 599

See also legal thought

Polybius 105-107, 113, 116

Pomponius, Sextus 218, 221, 230n76 potestas absoluta 293

See also patria potestas

Pothier, Robert-Joseph 471, 477, 482n44, 486n54

praetor peregrinus 214

praetors 21, 144n69, 218n22, 369, 376-7, 379, 381, 507

Predynastic Period (of Egypt) 38 prerogative (royal) 11, 17, 425-6, 428, 432, 434, 507, 529-30, 538, 544, 570

See also crown (British); Royal Proclamation (1763) principles (in legal thought) 20-24, 42, 60-1, 63, 71, 75-6, 78, 80-4, 87, 90-5, 101, 116, 126, 128, 130, 138-9, 152-4, 162, 190, 216, 225, 227, 242, 287-9, 295, 334, 337, 347, 349, 352, 356, 367, 369, 373, 378, 388-9, 392, 408, 411-3, 419-21, 432-3, 440, 462, 466, 468, 470-6, 478, 480, 482-6, 539, 543, 557, 559, 561-2, 579, 583-4, 586, 592-3

See also analogies; authorities

prisoners (Muslims in Byzantine territory) 173-4

private law 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 109-10, 171, 189, 203, 208, 214, 218, 220-1, 333, 464, 468, 476, 522n5, 523, 529-30, 534, 535, 537-40, 542-3, 545

See also public law

Privy Council. See Judicial Committee of the

Privy Council (jcpc)

Prochiron 174

Procopius 362

professionalism (in legal publishing and practice) x, 50, 54, 61, 63, 324, 441, 555 diminishment of, x

protocolonialism 300

Provence 305, 312

provincialization 107-8, 119-21 pseudo-Ambrose 260

Ptolemy of Lucca 253, 265-7

public honours (timai) 72-5, 85-6, 88, 90,

92, 94-5

See also honour

public law 4, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 20, 105-22, 198-210, 221, 285, 295, 322, 463, 480, 522-3, 529-30, 538-9, 544-5

See also private law

Pufendorf, Samuel 245n121, 328, 343, 397-8, 408

Purchas, Samuel 341

qadi 181

querela inofficiosi testamenti 139, 143-4, 153 quitrent 429-33, 443

Quran, Greek translation of 173

Raoul d’Harcourt 232

Rattigan, William H. 486

Re Southern Rhodesia (1919) 537-45 realism (in foreign relations) 106 reason of state 335n55, 336, 338, 351

See also sovereignty

Reform Act (1884) 498 refugees 171, 367, 369

Reggio di Calabria 300

Renaissance 9, 16, 27, 190, 193, 291-2, 308, 313, 338, 477, 510, 582

Macedonian (ca. tenth century) 173 representative litigation 392-4, 399, 409, 413-420

See also collective litigation; class action res publica 201-4 responsa 469-71, 473, 474

See alsoJatdwd Revigny, Jacques de. See Jacques de Revigny Rhodes, Cecil John 526-7, 530, 533, 544 Rhodian maritime law 369, 373

See also law of the sea Ricardus Anglicus 264 Richards, Henry Erle, KC 537-8 rights talk 17, 21, 23, 528 rights

of humanity 388-9, 392, 399, 408-15, 419 to property 324-5, 327, 330, 333n44, 334, 336, 338-9, 355

to punish 324, 328, 334n51

to resist 351n90

to self-defence 324-5, 327-8, 352 to trade 322, 324, 326-7, 330, 333, 335, 342, 347, 349, 351-2, 355

See also human rights; natural rights; rights talk; sovereignty; trade Robert, King of Naples 294 Rogerius 225 Roland of Lucca 10, 14, 198, 200-9, 263 Roman Empire 8, 23, 105-22, 125, 160, 167, 170, 192, 255-65, 267-8, 271, 281-2, 340, 362, 505-14, 510, 512-3

See also East Roman Empire (early Byzantium); Holy Roman Empire; imperator; imperium; Rome Roman law 5, 8, 10, 14, 16, 21-2, 26, 109, 126, 128-32, 134, 136-43, 148, 150, 152, 154, 159-61, 168-70, 174-5, 178, 180, 185-6, 189-210, 214-23, 228, 255, 262-3, 280-99, 340, 368-70, 373, 375, 379, 466, 468, 470-4, 476-7, 482-3, 485, 513-4, 543, 555

as ratio scripta 282 historiography of 109 See also ius civile

Roman-Dutch law 543 Rome 6-8, 13, 16, 24, 38, 105-8, 113-22, 125-6, 141, 148, 154, 191-3, 195-6, 201-2, 204, 213-4, 218-9, 222, 224, 227, 229, 253, 256, 258, 282, 295, 303, 311-2, 319, 340, 487, 494, 504-13, 515-7

Royal African Company 382 royal prerogative. See prerogative (royal)

Royal Proclamation (1763) 426-7, 429

Rufinus 224

Rus' 176-8

Russell, John, 1st Earl 495

Russian Primary Chronicle 177

Rutherford, Samuel 408

Rutherforth, Thomas 335n54, 341n69, 350n90

Salamanca, School of 213, 237-8

Sallust 218

Sandys, Thomas 345

Sardinia 300, 303, 306, 314

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 189

Scaevola, Publius Mucius 218

Scaevola, Quintus Mucius 218

Schmitt, Carl 12, 20, 28, 365, 381-2, 578-602 scholasticism 24, 283, 293, 297

See also humanism

Schreiner, WP. 529-30, 544

Scott, Leslie 17, 536-8, 542

Second Athenian League 72, 91, 96

South African War (Second, of

1899-1902) 565-71

secularisation 322, 329, 338-41

See also Hugo Grotius; John Selden; sovereignty

Seeley, Sir John Robert 510

Selden, John 326-7, 329-30, 332-48, 350, 352, 355, 378

See also secularisation

selective preservation (of legal evidence) 62

Selous, Frederick 534-5

Seneca 218, 221

Setserus, Hieremias 243n116 settler colonialism 372, 374, 377, 380-4 Shakespeare, William 363

Sharp, Granville 23, 29, 30, 388-421 Shelburne, William Petty, 2nd Earl of 431-2 shore 368, 378

Sicily

kingdom of 200, 203, 294, 312, 317

Roman province of 114

Siete Partidas 373

signori 291-2

Skopelos 183

slavery 23, 217, 219-20, 225, 230-1, 233-7, 367, 369-70, 382-3, 388-421, 536-7

See also abolitionism

Smith, Adam 347-9 Social War 71-2, 85 Solon 155

Somerset v. Stewart 30, 381, 388-424 South Africa Republic 521, 524-5, 527-8, 536, 564

sovereignty 115-6, 121, 190-2, 208, 226, 244, 284-6, 289, 291-2, 294-5, 301, 306, 319, 327-30, 334-8, 341, 343-5, 349-50, 352-6, 364-6, 373, 375, 379, 381, 383-6, 464, 477-8, 480, 486, 494, 500-4, 506, 508-9, 515, 517, 521-3, 532-4, 546, 538, 540, 542, 544-5, 564, 593, 595 parliamentary 494, 500-4, 506, 508-9, 515, 517

universal and territorial 284-5 See also imperium; reason of state; rights, to trade; secularisation

St. Petersburg Declaration (1868) 551, 561, 565-7

Star Chamber. See Court of Star Chamber Stephen of Tournai 225-6 Stiles, Ezra 345-9, 353

Stuart, John 426 Suarez, Francisco 239-40 Sumner, John Hamilton, Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, 1st Viscount 538-45 Supreme Legislative Council 486-7 Syria 4, 169-70, 179-85, 255, 303-4 Syrian Orthodox Church 169, 176, 179-81

Tacit 218, 221

tax payment (and imperial authority) 260-1, 263-4

See also census, political subjection Templars 316

Thaumatourgos, Gregory. See Gregory Thaumatourgos

Theodore Balsamon 186

Theodosius ι (Roman emperor) 8, 167-8 Theodosius ιι (Roman emperor) 168-9 Theophanes the Confessor (historian)

177

Thomas Aquinas 224, 227-8, 265 Thrakesion, theme (province) of 173 Thring, Henry, 1st Baron 549-50, 554, 560-3, 567, 569-71, 574

Thucydides 80, 105, 111 Townshend, Charles 432

Toynbee, Arnold 107-8, 114 trade 11, 13-6, 112-3, 147, 176-9, 259, 300-1,

305, 314-5, 322-4, 326, 327-36, 338, 341, 342-5, 347-55, 368-9, 373, 377-8, 380-1, 394, 409-10, 413, 415, 419, 426-7, 433, 435, 438-42, 444, 445-51, 455, 495, 505, 520-1, 543, 593

See also commercial law; rights, to trade Transvaal Republic. See South African Republic

treaties 4, 86, 108-10, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 175-8, 185, 194, 195, 197, 200, 214, 222, 239, 240, 243, 300, 304, 306-7, 324-5, 328, 409-10, 426, 434, 439, 441-2, 457, 458, 461, 487, 516, 524-5, 527, 529, 555, 567, 591

Athenian 108-16

Byzantine-Bulgar (715-718) 177 commercial 178, 185 for hunting grounds 441 of Easton (1758) 434 of Fort Stanwix (1768) 457n81 of friendship and/or alliance 115, 525 of peace 222 of Tordesillas (1494) 324

Roman 115-7, 120-1

Trevelyan, Charles 495

Triepel, Heinrich 595-6 Tuck, Richard 333

Tunisia 303, 314

Twelve Tables 154-5 Tyrrhenian Sea 300

Ulpian 3n5, 8, 15n20, 22, 26, 130, 132, 136, 142, 143, 145, 149, 153, 156, 216-21, 224, 227-8, 230, 232, 379, 471, 581

Umayyads 171

United Nations Convention on the Law of the

Sea 367

unity of history 511-16 universalism 589 universality (of imperial authority) 254-5,

257, 261, 264-5, 267-70, 273

See also census, ecclesiastical authority, imperium, international law (relationship between Holy Roman Empire and local powers/national kingdoms), legitimacy, political subjection

Van Heemskerck, Jacob 324-5, 327, 329n21,

331

Van Oldenbarnevelt, Johan 325 Vattel, Emer de 24, 244, 562-3, 568 Vaughan, John 338

Vazquez de Menchaca, Fernando 236, 238 Venice 268, 310

Verelst, Herman 344n79 Verlinden, Charles 310 Vico, Giambattista 155 villeinage 400, 407-9, 411 Villiers, George, 1st Duke of

Buckingham 336 Vinogradoff, Paul 20 Visconti, Giangaleazzo 292 Visconti, Lamberto 306 Vitoria, Francisco de 238 Vladimir, prince of Kiev 178 voc. See Dutch East India Company (voc) Volpe, Gioacchino 301, 303-08

his Studi sulle Istituzioni comunali a

Pisa 302

his support for Manifesto degli intellettuali fascisti 302

war 4, 7, 15-18, 20, 28, 107, 110, 116, 217, 219, 222, 241, 236n99, 244, 314, 316, 322, 329, 330, 333-7, 353, 451, 516, 530-2, 548-51, 553-4, 557-64, 556, 569, 571-2, 573, 598 customs of 561-2 laws of 18, 240, 245, 322n2, 367, 529, 548-51, 553-4, 557-64, 566, 569, 571-4

See also amaNdebele-BSAC War; American Civil War; Arab-Islamic conquests; armed neutrality; Crusade (First); crusader states; civil strife/war; enemy; Indian Wars; Land War; Peloponnesian War; Persian Wars; Social War; South African War; War of American Independence; World War i; World War Ii

War of American Independence 353

See also American Revolution

War Office (British) 28, 548-77

See also Colonial Office (British) Washington, George 353

See also armed neutrality

Watson, Alan 162

Weber, Max 479

Weigand, Rudolf 224, 225n52, 225n53,

225n54, 225n55, 226n59

Welwood, William 341, 378-9 Wezel 192

Wheaton, Henry 563, 568

William of Ockham 253, 265, 270-2

William the Conqueror 258

Wilson, Woodrow 591

Winkel, Laurens 214n4, 216n13, 216n16,

218n22, 222

wisdom literature (as genre of Egyptian

writing) 41, 50

World War ι 322n2, 516

World War ιι 322n2, 580, 584, 598

Xenophon 111-12

Young Ireland 495

Zasius, Ulrich 236n100

Zouche, Richard 239, 377

2 See Hermann Heimpel, �Koniglicher Weihnachstdienst in spateren Mittelalter’. DeutschesAr- chivfur Erforschung des Mittelalters 39h (1983), 131-206, and, more recently, Franz-Reiner