General Index

Abbas antiquus. See Bernard of Montemirato

Abbo (abbot of Fleury), 172

Abduction, 12, 47-48, 55, 107, 119-20, 129, 188, 209-10, 249-51, 338, 397­98, 4θ9-7².

Abelard, Peter, 187, 203, 222, 237 Abelonians, 84

Abjuration sub pena nubendi, 36g, 447, 459. 515

Abortion, 163

Accursius, 329, 348, 389-90> 393~9θ Actions, timeliness of, 483-84

Actors, 36

Actresses, 121, 391; marriage of, 36, 41.

See also Prostitutes

Adliberandam, 374-75

Adam and Eve, 62, 83-86, 262, 509 Adoption, 193, 606

Adultery, 3, 6, 10-11, 13-14, 28-32, 36, 4i> 44-45. 49. 55, 58-61, 68, 72, 90, 101, 104-105, 109, 112, 119, 132-33, 143, 147, 207-209, 240-41, 247-48, 252-53, 285-86, 303, 305-308, 319­21, 358-59, 385-89, 394, 411, 41θ, 4θ2-63, 482-84, 493, 506, 517-21, 548-49, 557-58, 593, 595, 608-10; accessories to, 32, 45, 519; blamed for disasters, 208, 462; children of, 248; complaints about, limited, 484, 513; condoned, 133, 165, 208-209, 247, 306-307, 467; contrary to natural law, 306; defined, 386-87; female offense, 10, 12, 27, 30-32, 132, 386; frequency of, 306, 462, 481-82; greatest crime, 55; grounds for divorce, 39, 68, 69,

94, 96, 105, 115-16, 131, 143-44, 147, 164, 172, 200-201, 203, 223-24, 244­45, 294-95, 371-72, 454, 480, 513, 559-60, 567; license to commit, 242; malice essential, 387; moral equivalent of death, 144; offence, 39, 71, 104, 119, 132, 207, 246-47, 388; penalties for, 69, 72, 119, 165, 252, 388-89, 506, 519-21, 541-42, 608-609; presumed, 363, 519-20; and prostitution, 386; and subsequent marriage, 32, 105, 147, 208, 247, 295, 307-308, 463; suspicion of, 116, 224, 321, 410; vengeance for, 248. See also LexJulia de adulteriis Aelian and Sentian Law. See Lex Aelia

Sentia

Affection, 8, 22, 25, 43, 198, 268, 300, 323, 341, 431.

Affinity. See Impediments, marital Agape, 58

Agcmbert, 149 Agen, 186 Aglie, 518, 531 Agnes (queen of Jerusalem), 356 Akiba (rabbi), 53 Alain de Lille, 350

Alanus Anglicus, 348, 357, 359, 365, 376,

406-407

Albert (cardinal), 332 Albert the Great, St., 287, 421, 429, 432,

449. 451 Alberto de Gandino, 466-67

AlexanderII, pope, 181, 212-13, 218-19 Alexander III, pope, 184, 257, 267-69, 3¹4> 325, SSI-39, 341, 342-46, 348, 352, 35θ, 373-74, 37θ, 409, 4 ιθ, 545, 552, 578

Alexander of Hales, 448-49, 452, 473

Alexander Severus, 28, 32, 44

Alfambra, Fuero of, 465

Alfonso VI (king of Castile and Leon), 192

AIfonso X, the Wise (king of Castile and Leon), 472

Alimony, 143, 202, 446, 479-80, 543 “Aliter debet.” See Notabilia “Aliter debet”

Alvaro, count of Urgel, 458, 473 Amaury (king of Jerusalem), 356 Ambrose, St., 79, 101, 106, 244 "Amplexus reservatus," 281-82 Anabaptists, 556, 560

Anaphrodisiacs, 285

Anatomy and physiology: human, 426, 434; palaeophysiology, 83-84, 262; sex­ual, 9, 84, 278, 324, 421, 450-51

Ancona, 546

Ancyra. See Councils

Andrea, Joannes, 417, 420, 427-28, 435, 505

Andreas Capellanus, 309

Angers, 347, 503

Annulment. See Divorce; Marriage;

Separation

Anonymous of York, 221

Anselm of Bee, St. (abp. of Canterbury), 186, 192, 228

Anselm of Laon, 197

Anselm of Lucca, 181, 187-88, 200, 230

Anthony the Hermit, St., 395

Antioch, 216

Antoninus, St. (abp. of Florence), 499 Apatheia, 19

Aphrodisiacs, 199, 503. See also

Anaphrodisiacs

Aphrodite, 12, 14

Apparatus. See Gloss apparatus

Aquinas, Thomas, St., 421-22, 425-26, 43O> 433, 445> 448-49. 45θ, 459. 462, 464, 466, 478

Aragon, 458. See also James I, the Con­queror (king of Aragon and Catalunya)

Arbitration, 47

Arcadius, emperor, 102, 108 Archdeacons, 459, 481 Archidiaconus. See Guido of Baysio Arezzo, 465, 494

“Argumentum quod religiosi." See Nota­bilia "Argumentum quod religiosi”

Arianism, 134

Aristotle, 13, 16-17, 260, 491 Armenian Church, 514 Arnald of Villanova, 287 Arnobius, 64

Arnulf (bp.

Artes meretricae, 26

Asceticism, 7, 75, 78-81, 83, 85, 86, 89, 109, 111, 135-36, 174, 204, 472. See also Monasticism

Assises de la cour des bourgeois, 431 Assyrians, 11

Astarte, 11-12

Astrologers: excluded from church, 73.

See also Sex, and astrology Athenagoras, St., 72 Athens, 13-14

Augsburg, 468-69, 501, 511-12, 537 Augustine, St. (abp. of Canterbury), 134 Augustine, St. (bp. of Hippo): 2, 79-85, 93, 13θ, 138, 173> 203, 204, 235, 239, 240, 248, 260, 262; and adultery, 104­105, 248; and concubinage, 99—100; and homosexuality, 108; and marriage, 89-93, 95, 98, 105, 235, 240, 580; and prostitution, 100, 106, 248; and sex, 80-83, 85, 89-93, 99-100, 108, 421; and women, 85-86, 100, 426; Confes­sions, 81-82

Augustus, emperor, 30, 32, 39, 40, 47 Aurembaix (countess of Urgel), 370 Averroes, 337, 459

Avicenna, 287, 450 Avignon, 418-19, 4θ7-69, 487, 525-27, 529, 537

Avranches, 303 Azo, 329, 392 Azpilceuta, Martin de, 510, 518, 520, 541

Babylonia, 10-11

Bacon, Roger, 448

Baldus degli UbaIdi, 519-20

Bandinelli, Rolandus. See Alexander III, pope

Bankruptcy, 43

Baptism, 71, 72, 92, 432

Barnes, Robert, 537

Barragania. See Concubinage

Bartholomew (bp. of Exeter), 305

Bartholornew of Brescia, 437

BartoIus of Sassoferrato, 420, 431, 436, 444, 461

Basil, St., 164

Basilides, 63

Bastards, bastardy. See Children, illegitimate

Baths, bathhouses, 187; and sexual sin, 71-72, 165, 204, 392, 401, 464, 467­68, 521, 523, 527. See also Brothels

Bathsheba, 428

Bavaria, duke of, 568. See also Law, Bavarian

Beale, Lionel Smith, 8

Beaucaire, 524

Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 435, 470, 479-80

BelIuno, 492, 518, 531, 532, 540

Benencasa of Arezzo, 361, 386, 392, 398 Bergamo, 531, 534

Bern, 527

Bernard, St. (abbot of Clairvaux), 197, 251

Bernard of Montemirato (abbot of Mont- majour, bp. of Tripoli), 418, 431, 455­57> 469

Bernard of Parma, 417, 426, 459, 466­

68, 482-83

Bernard of Pavia (bp.

Bernardino of Siena, St., 506, 508, 534

Bernart de Ventadorn, 185, 302

Bestiality, 6, 166, 168, 207, 212-13, 400, 473, 493> 53θ

Betrothal, 33-34, 49, 52, 54, 73, 190, 275, 305; ceremony, 497; by proxy, 436, 497-98; repudiation of, 371, 435- 3θ> 498

Bigamy, 6, 37-38, 87, 196, 207, 236, 252, 33θ, 477> 539; constructive, 318-19, 343, 406-407; penalties, 540. See also Digamy

Bigotianum, 156, 165, 166 BirgittaofSweden, St., 538, 568 Birthrate, 20

Bishops: administrative roles, 78; and di­vorce, 87; judicial authority, 78, 87; ju­risdiction, 78, 87. See also Courts Black Death, 417, 419-20, 486-88, 533, 546

Blackmun, HarryA. (associate justice), 610 Body: and mind, 385, 579; and soul, 85, 173> 589

Boerius, Nicolaus, 537

Bologna, 178-79, 224, 256, 346-47, 463-64, 466-67, 473

Bonaventure, St., 424-26, 449, 456, 477-78

Boniface, St., 140, 150-51

Boniface VIII, pope, 418, 473, 476 Bonizo (bp. of Sutri and Piacenza), 181­82

Bordenn, William (rector of Wittersham), 474

Bossi, Egidio, 532-33, 539 Boswell, John, 57

Bourges. See Synods

Brethren of the Free Spirit, 493 Breviari d’amor. See Ermengau, Matfre Bribes, 443

Bridgenorth, 545 Bromyard, John, 503, 510, 536 Brothelkeeper, 46, 224, 614

Brothels, 14, 25-26, 32, 45, 47, 56, 73, 105, 106, 120-21, 151, 212, 392, 467­68, 490, 523-29, 614; male, 313, 468; numbers of, 526; proprietors of, 523, 526; publicly owned, 487, 521-24, 526-28, 569. See also Baths, bath­houses; Prostitutes; Prostitution Browne, Sir Thomas, 6 Brunelleschi, Antonia, 523 Brunelleschi, Piero di Simone, 523 Brunhild (queen of Austrasia), 148 Bucer, Martin, 552, 554-55, 559~θ°> 571 Buckingham, archdeaconry of, 545 Buggery. See Bestiality; Sodomy Bulgarus, 179, 224

Burchard (bp. of Worms), 163, 180-81, 185, 191, 195, 199, 202, 204, 214, 225, 228

Burger, Warren, 6ιo

Burgundy, 488. See also Law, Burgundian Byzantine: church, 196, 316, 402, 442,

459, 476, 511-12; empire, 211, 488

Cacsarius of Arles, St., 89, 91-92, 101­102, 104, 109

Cahors, 418

Caius glosses, 259, 377-80, 382 Cajetan, cardinal, 497 California, 612-13, θ¹7 Calixtus I, Pope St., 70, 99 Calvin, John, 552-60 Cambrai, 221, 473

Cambridge, 346

Camin, 537

Canevo, Paulina Filla (prostitute), 522 Canisius, Peter, St., 561

Cano, Melchior, 497

Canon law, 1, 3, 256-60, 346-48, 418­

19, 444, 485, 558, 578; autonomous discipline, 233-34, 347-48; and Civil Law, 329-30, 444; collections, 169; enforcement of, 459; and Roman law, 233-34, 347; and ^scx- 3, 5; ^anf-l theol­ogy, 233, 347.

Canon lawyers, 5, 7, 347, 410-11, 418, 481, 489-90, 51°

Canons of the Apostles, 87

Canterbury, 509, 545 Cantor, Aegidius, 509

Capitula Angilramni, 171 Capitularies of Benedictus Levita, 171 Carafifa, Gian Pietro. See Paul IV, pope Carcassonne, 445

Cardinalis (decretist), 265, 266, 267, 268, 3⁰5, 311

Carlo de Tocco, 361, 382

Carpocrates, 63

Carta de logu, 516, 520, 531 Carvilius Ruga, Spurius, 39

Castration, 37, 149, 207, 292, 456, 471, 473, 512, 540; as cure for lust, 65, 86­87; prohibited, 122

Cathars, 337, 399, 422, 431, 445, 579 Cathedral schools, 177

Catholic reform: sixteenth-century move­ment, 561. See also Church reform; Counter-Reformation; Reformation

Celestine III, pope, 315, 340, 356, 374, 380, 410

Celibacy, 59, 79, 83, 85, 93, 574-75; basis of clerical obligation, 316; en­forcement of, 403-404; mandatory for clergy, 69-70, 75, 110-13, 150-51, 174, 183, 204, 214-23, 226, 227, 251­53, 314-19, 342-43, 4°ι-4°5, 474­77, 488, 53θ^-39> 552, 554-55, 5θι, 567-69, 577, 57g; resistance to, 220­22, 402-404, 477, 538; unnatural, 425, 476, 538. See also Concubinage, cleri­cal; Concubines, of clerics; Marriage, clerical.

CentullusofBearn, 192 Cerisy, 436, 445, 453, 460, 467, 481-82 Chalcedon, 73

Champollion, Jean Franyois, 10 Charivari, 478, 495, 540 Charlemagne, 134, 135, 144, 146, 150,

170

Charles V, emperor, 563

Chartres, 313, 468

Chastity, 6-7, 15, 20-21, 65, 203, 204, 219, 577; conjugal, 144, 198, 366, 503­504, 507

Chaucer, Geofifrey, 496, 504

Cheops, pharoah, 12

Child support. See Children, support of Children: of adulterous couples, 248; of divorced couples, 38, 115, 122, 344; illegitimate, 38, 43, 54, 55, 102-103, 114, 131-32, 198, 204, 216-17, 219­22, 297, 300, 318, 319, 344, 362, 408, 474, 480, 516, 543-44, 554, 606; in­heritance rights of, 102, 118, 131, 300, 318, 408-409, 443-44> 537, 544; Iegiti- mation of, 38, 103, 223, 343, 408-409, 481, 543; natural, 103, 118, 131, 300,

408, 481, 516, 544, 554; ravishment of, 532-33; support of, 38, 43, 245, 344,

409, 479-81, 520, 543-44.

Christian Church: intellectual transforma­tion of, 79; and Roman Empire, 77-79

Chrysostom, John, St. See John Chrysos­tom, St.

Chrysippus, 19

Church reform: eleventh-century move­ment, 179-87, 577-78; in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 487-88, 537­38. See also Catholic reform; Counter­Reformation; Reformation

Cicero, 39

Cino da Pistoia, 444 Cipolla, Bartolomeo, 516 Circumcision, 66

Cistercians, 395

Civil law. See Law, civil

Civilians, 329-30, 444. See also Accur- sius; Azo; Baldus degli Ubaldi; Barto- Ius of Sassoferrato; Bulgarus; Gosia, Martinus; Hugo da Porta Ravennata; Irnerius; Jacobus; Odofredus; Oldradus da Ponte

Clean hands doctrine, 244, 320, 513 Clement III, pope, 339, 373, 408 Clement VI, pope, 443

Clement of Alexandria, St., 66, 67, 71, 72 Clergy, 71; children of, 122, 216-17, 219-22, 251-52, 315, 318, 399, 474, 537> 554, 5θ8; deposition of, 70; famil­iarity with women, 314; and homosexu­ality, 399, 472, 533; minor orders, 111, 316, 402-403; wives of, 110-12, 216­17, 219-20, 402-405. See also Celi­bacy; Concubinage, clerical; Concu­bines, of clerics; Marriage, clerical; Sacerdotal dynasties; Sex, and the clergy

Clovis I, king, 134

Clovis II, king, 146 Cocceus Cassianus, 43 Code of Hammurabi, 10-11.

Codex Justinianus, 113, 179 Codex Theodosianus, 173 Cohabitation, 35, 71, 299, 412, 436, 444, 515, 595. See also Concubinage

Coimbra, 418

Coital positions, 7, 91, 161, 1g9, 225, 286, 367, 415, 452-53, 473, 507-508, 566

Coitus a tergo, 161, 286, 367, 452

Coitus interruptus-, as contraceptive tech­nique, 358, 451, 508-509; does not create affinity, 356

Coke, Sir Edward, 612

Collectio Anselmo dedicata, 180 Collectio tripartita, 182 Collectio vetus Gallica, 170 Collection in Five Books, 181 Collection in Seventy-four Titles, 181,

188, 191

Collection in Ten Parts, 188 Collection of Cardinal Deusdedit, 181 Columban, St., 147, 165, 166 Commodianus, 83

Common law. See Law, common Compostella, bp. of, 219 Compurgation, 253, 546 Concordia discordantium canonum. See

Gratian

Concubinage, 35, 49, 87, 91, 98-103, 117-18, 145, 183, 206-207, 225, 297­300, 341-43, 369-70, 411, 444-47, 514-17, 547, 595, 606, 617; assimilated to marriage, 70-71, 117, 122, 245, 298-300, 446; Athenian, 13; Babylo­nian, 10-11, 564; barragania, 445-46; clerical, 150-51, 183, 214, 220, 222, 251, 297, 342-43, 4θ1-405, 411-12, 416, 474-76, 537, 539, 554, 567-69; contract, 54, 370, 385, 446; among early Christians, 70-71; Egyptian, 12; and fornication, 29, 100, 117, 245, 514; frequency, 481-82; Germanic, 130; in Gratian, 245; immoral, 369; involun­tary, 145; Jewish, 52-54; legally tol­erated, 40, 369; and marriage, 35, 37, 40-41, 98-99, 100-101, 104, 114, 129, 145, 207, 245, 269, 444, 516; penalties for, 317, 405; presumed, 41; prohibited, 514-15, 564; and prostitu­tion, 40, 100-101, 117, 444, 514; Ro­man, 23-25, 27, 40-44; voluntary, 41 Concubines, 13, 27, 30, 32, 36, 284, 459,

577; betrothed, 54; children of, 43, 54, 102-103, 114> 118, 122, 297, 300, 516, 543> 554= 5θ8; of clerics, 150-51, 214, 220, 222, 226, 251, 314-17, 402, 404­405, 474-76; as de facto wives, 298,

Concubines (continued)

568; enslavement of, 317, 405, 476, 539; gifts to, 43, 102, 480; inheritance by, 43, 54, ι∞> ¹¹⁸, 4θ5, 475~7θ, 4⁸, 516; Ioans to, 102; marriage to, 99; of married men, 32, 87, 163, 444, 515­16; property of, 617; and prostitutes, 40, 41, 44, 45, 476; social status, 71, 476; theft by, 43, 516

Confession. See Penance; Penitentials Conrad of Zahringen (papal legate), 395 Consanguinity. See Impediments, marital Consent: to abduction, 48, 107; marital, 34, 3θ-37, 88, 9²> 94, ²3⁶-38, 288. See also Elopement; Intentionality; Marriage, consent, consensual theory of; Rape, consent to

Constans, emperor, 108

Constant man standard, 345, 454 Constantine I, emperor, 38, 72, 75, 77, 78, 87-88, 94-96, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110

Constantinople, 106, 121, 176, 488 Constantinus Africanus, 187 Constantius, emperor, 108 Constitutiones Clementinae, 419 Constitutions of Melfi, 394

Constanza de Moncada, 458 Contarini, Gaspar, cardinal, 561 Contraception, 26, 89-90, 93, 163, 212, 241, 281, 304, 358, 508, 580, 582, 584; invalidates marriage, 358, 574; moral equivalent of adultery, 240, 358. See also Coitus interruptus-, Marriage, and procreation; Sex, and procreation Contract, 33; absolute, 36; breach of, 46; formless, 353; of sale, 46. See also Con­cubinage, contract; Marriage, contract Contubernium, 31-32, 36, 71, 87, 343 Convent of Repentance (Constantinople),

121

Co-parenthood, 141. See also Godparents Cordoba, 176

Comegrasse, Agnes (prostitute), 524 Cornelius (widower), 100

Corpus iuris ciυilis, 113, 123, 178-79. See also Codex Justinianus; Digest; In­stitutes of Justinian; Novels

Corsica, 21, 438 Cosmetics, 68, 72 Councils: 2 Aachen (836), 151; 3 Aachen

(862), 146; Agde (506), 97; Ancyra (314)> 73; Aries (314), 95; Basel (1431­37). 537-38; 2 Braga (572), 142, 150; Carthage (345 ~ 348) 112, (407) 95; Chalcedon (451), 73, 107, 111; Con­stance (1414-18), 488, 527, 538; Elvira (early fourth century), 69, 72, 73-75, 110, 205; Florence (1439-40), 433; Friuli (796), 144; Gangra (before 341), 102, 108, 217-18, 245; Gerona (517), 98; Laodicea (ca. 360), 98; 1 Lateran (1123), 220, 226; 2 Lateran (1139), 220, 226, 230, 251; 3 Lateran (1179), 325, 399; 4 Lateran (1215), 325, 326, 330, 348, 356, 3θ2, 373- 4θ2, 412, 415-16, 434; 5 Lateran (1514), 514, 564; Nablus (1120), 196, 207; 1 Lyon (1245), 419;

2 Lyon (1274), 419; 1 Nicaea (325), 87, 97, 112; Oxford (1222), 410-11; Rouen (1072), 201; 1 Toledo (397 ~ 400), 99, 101-102, 163; Trent (i545~θ3)> 34θ, 433, 5¹¹> 5θ2-74; Valladolid (1322), 446, 475; 2 Vatican (1962-65), 582, 592; Verberie (753 ~ 756), 141-43; Vienne (1311-12), 419; 2 Westminster (1247?), 440; Worms (868), 143. See also Synods

Counter-Reformation, 561 Courson, Robert, cardinal, 221 Court of Arches, 413

Courts, canonical, 3, 5, 180, 269, 319, 321-23, 373, 408-10, 436, 453, 505­506, 509-10, 515, 517, 544-46, 571­74; Anglican, 571-72; appeals dis­allowed in, 322; of audience, 409; bribery in, 443, 482, 510, 547; case loads, 481-82, 509, 545; centralization of, 572; commissary, 409, 518, 545; consistory, 509, 545; conviction rates in, 518; English, 454, 481-82, 509-10, 515, 518, 533, 545; ex officio cases in, 410, 412; French, 339, j82, 509, 545; instance cases in, 410; jurisdiction of, 4, 180, 183, 223, 319, 344-46, 408­409, 481-83, 517, 543, 571, 610; pro­cedures in, 223-25, 253, 319-22, 345- 4θ, 38θ> 397-98, 410-13, 416, 453, 459, 546, 578; records of, 223, 330, 436, 480-82, 498, 505, 510, 547, 588. See also Marriage, litigation

Courts, civil, 3, 5, 483, 515, 547; Roman, 339; royal, 409

Cremona, 465, 515, 546

Crimes and offenses, 39, 41, 103-13, 119-22, 132, 146-49, 205, 207, 209, 225, 246-47, 249-51, 303-308, 319, 409, 416, 481-84, 491-93, SM, 517­36. See also Adultery; Bestiality; Bigamy; Concubinage; Courts; Forni­cation; Homosexuality; Incest; Les­bianism; Prostitution; Rape; Sodomy

Criminal diversion. See Wife, criminal diversion of

Cruelty. See Saevitia

Crusader states, 195, 205, 207, 211, 213, 43¹> 434^-35> 444, 4®²- See also Levant

Crusaders, Crusades, 206, 207, 211, 344­

45, 359, 391, 399, 4θθ, 4θ9 Cuckold, 45, 119, 307, 386, 388-89,

462-63, 513. See also Jus occidendi Cuenca, Fueros of, 462, 466

Cum adolescentium aetas, 569 Cummean, St., 165

Cunnilingus, 6, 27, 167, 212 Customary law. See Law, customary

Cynics, 18, 425

Cyprus, 434, 439, 473

Dagobert I, king, 146

Damasus Hungarus, 328, 400 Damian, Peter, St., 185, 189, 192, 197,

212-14, 215-17, 226

Damietta, 391

David, king, 428

De ortu coniugii, 264, 303

De secretis mulierum, 451-52, 467 Decretal collections, 325-27

Decretalists, 326-29, 346-48

Decretals of Gregory IX. See Liher Extra Decretists, 256-60, 325-28, 346-48;

Anglo-Norman school, 258-59, 353, 366, 379; Bolognesc school, 256-57, 260, 262, 288-89, 290, 292-93, 296, 323; French school, 257-58, 260, 262, 265, 288-89, 290-91, 292, 293, 296, 323, 333-34; Rhineland school, 259, 260, 262, 267.

Decretum. See Gratian; Ivo, St. (bp. of Chartres)

Deductio in domum, 34

Delictae, 25

Delicts, 111. See also Iniuria Demography, 175, 176-77, 227, 419-20, 486-89, 547

Demosthenes, 13

Denis the Little, 170

Desertion, of spouse: grounds for di­vorce, 164, 201, 288, 514; and marital debt, 453; penalized, 11, 341, 514. See also Exile; Merchants; Marriage, ab­sence of spouse; Presumption, of death Deusdedit₁ cardinal, 181 Deux-Jumeaux (parish), 460 Didache, 169-70

Didascalia apostolorum, 67-68, 72 Digamy, 36-37, 68-69, 97-98, 112, 142, 196, 207, 252-53, 318-19, 343, 405­408, 477-79> 539-40

Digest, 113, 178-79

Dijon, 495, 522, 526, 530 Diocletian, 45, 74 Diogenes, 18, 425 Dionysiana, 170 Discidium, 97

Dispensation, 243, 248, 253, 254, 289, 3θo> 356, 403-404= 406, 441, 443, 537

Distinctiones Monacenses, 259 District of Columbia, 608, 611 Divorce, 6, 58, 60-61, 87, 94-98, 114­17, 143-45, 164, VS, 194, 199-203, 224, 227, 243-45, 288-89, 370-7θ, 408-409, 453-58, 509-14, 542, 548, 552, 55⁸-θι, 572, 575, 584, 592, 611, 617; consensual, 115-17, 122, 143; defined, 371; Egyptian, 12; fraudulent, 115, 510; frequency of, 94; Germanic, 131; grounds for, 38-39, 53, 68, 94, 96, 105, 115-17, 131, 143-45, 147, 164, 172, 200-203, 243-44, 269, 294, 367, 400, 415-16, 454-55, 511-13, 534, 558-59; informal, 202, 245, 506,

Divorce (continued)

514; Jewish, 53; jurisdiction over, 87; in patristic period, 68; procedure, 39, 87; Roman, 23, 28, 38-39, 87; and separa­tion, compared, 371; witnesses, 39. See also Children, of divorced couples; Courts, canonical; Discidium∙, Impedi­ments; Marriage; Property, marital; Re­marriage; Repudiation; Separation Doctrine of the Twelve Apostles. See

Didache

Dominicans, 401, 422, 503, 536 Domitian, emperor, 26

Donatio propter nuptias, 34 Dotal instrument, 37, 114, 541, 546 Dowry, 26, 34, 37, 52, 54, 88, 102, 114,

119, 129, 190 i93-94> 275> 3i9> 344­45, 388, 395, 431, 458, 461, 480, 494, 504, 506, 516-17, 520, 540-42, 546. See also Property, marital

Drauca (prostitute), 26 Dreams, sexual. See Pollution, nocturnal Drunkenness, 400, 401, 440, 497; grounds for separation, 511; mitigates offense, 301. See also Taverns

Duby, Georges, 194

Duns Scotus, John, 432-33 Dupont, Jean, 445

Durand de St.-Pourςain, 432 Durand, William (bp. of Mende), 418,

425, 469, 476

Duress. See Impediments, force and fear

“Ecce vicit leo.” See Gloss apparatus

“Ecce vicit leo”

Eden, Garden of. See Adam and Eve;

Sex, in Paradise Edict of Milan, 77 Edward I (king of England), 418 Effeminacy, 108

Egidio ofBellamera, 503, 505, 510, 519 Egypt, 11-12, 29, 466

Ejaculation: and consummation, 456,

505; premature, 451

Elazar, rabbi, 55 Eleanor of Aquitaine (queen of France

and England), 289

Eleanora of Arborea, 519

Eli, prophet, 56

Elopement, 48, 107, 119-20, 133, 148, 472. See also Abduction; Marriage, free choice of partner, parental con­sent; Rape; Raptus

Elvira, canons of. See Councils, Elvira Encratites, 63, 75

England, 319, 322, 400, 435-36, 4⁶9> 47i> 475> 479. 494-95. 501, 509> 528, 544-45, 571-72, 608-609, θi5

Ephesians, 61 Ephesus, 216

Ephraim of Syria, St., 107

Epicurus, 17-18

Equality: of men and women, 50, 93, 104, 116, 146, 198, 242, 247, 255, 284, 301, 305, 3θθ> 320-21, 358-59, 425-26, 447, 454, 484-85, 531, 549, 559; θf moral acts, 21; of sins, 21

Equity, 254, 343

Erasmus, Desiderius, 496-97, 551, 561 Erection. See Penis

Ermengau, Matfre, 423

Eros, 20

Esnunna, 11

Etienne de Bourbon, 467

Eucharist, 92

Eugene III, pope, 289, 331, 344

Eugene IV, pope, 513-14 Eunuchs, 122, 512

Euripides, 14 Eustochium, 100

Eve. See Adam and Eve Evidence, 137, 202, 223-25, 237-38, 253-54> 277, 319-22, 345-46, 362­63, 416, 457, 483, 501, 512, 54θ, 578; circumstantial, 224, 411-13, 492, 541; corroborative, 225, 345, 413; self­serving declarations, 483; standard of proof, 345. See also Courts, canonical; Compurgation; Ordeals; Witnesses

Ex Iitteris, 382

Exceptions. See Courts, canonical: proce­dures in

Excommunication, 69, 72, 73, 137, 192, 208, 308, 310, 359, 398-99, 404, 446, 475, 500, 506, 525

Exile: and marriage, 506-507; as penalty for adultery, 21; as penalty for killing adulteress, 31

Extreme unction: sex forbidden after, 450

Fabrie, Claudie (prostitute), 524 Faenza, 506, 531, 546

Fair Maid of Kent, 500-501 Familia. See Household

Family, 7, 23, 234; structure, 23, 134-35, 255, 494-95, 547, 577, 586, 594

Fantasies, sexual. See Masturbation; Pol­lution, nocturnal

Farfa, 148, 181

Fasti Praenesti, 44 Felix (male prostitute), 26 Fellatio, 6, 27, 107-108, 161, 167, 212, 241, 286, 473, 508, 533, 567, 583, 613

Ferrara, 442, 484

Finnian, St., 155, 166, 167 Finns, 133

Fishacre, Richard, 421 Fisher, John, St., 490-91 Flamen, 36-37, 112 Flanders, 479

Flandrin, Jean-Louis, 160, 175, 588 Florence, 494, 504, 523, 525, 519, 537,

540; Official of the Curfew and the Convents, 533

Fornication, 6, 29-30, 54, 58, 61, 66, 68, 69, 71, 90, 100-101, 103-104, 112, 120, 131-32, 140, 146, 204-207, 220, 222, 240, 246-47, 280, 297, 303-305, 380-85, 411, 459-62, 482, 493, 514, 5i7-2L 548-49. 557> 593. 595> 608; average incontinence, 246-47; com­pound, 165, 305, 381; contrary to natu­ral law, 303, 459; crime, 304; defined, 304; frequency, 303, 380-81, 460, 481-82; penalties, 165, 252, 304-305, 459-62; and pride, 103; in public, 460; seriousness, 71, 247, 317-18, 416, 459-60; simple, 165, 305, 342, 381, 517; sinful, 381-82; spiritual, 304; with widow, 542. See also Adultery

France, 111, 143, 182, 255, 404, 487-88, 544, 617; brothels in, 525; ecclesiastical courts in, 292, 509, 545; marital prop­

erty in, 479; marriage ceremonies in,

88, 439-40, 502 Franciscans, 503; Spiritual, 431 Fredegar, 146 Frederick I, Barbarossa, emperor, 179,

331 Frederick II, emperor, 327 Free love, 5, 20, 63, 235 Freedwomen, 42, 45 Friedelehe. See Marriage Friendship, 273 Frigidity. See Impotence. Frisia, 203 FulkofNeuilly, 395 Fulgcntius of Ruspa, 84

Gagnon, John H., 589 Galen, 425 Gall, St., 165 Galla, 26

Gambling, 467-68 GanduIphus (decretist), 266, 270, 282,

368 Gaudium et sρes, 581 Gaudemus, 340, 380 Gaul. See France Gay sex. See Homosexuality Gehenna, 79 Geneva, 553 Genin de GeIine, 527 Genitalia: 83, 139, 339, 534-35; disparity

of size, 458; examination of, 457; in Paradise, 84; source of passion, 81; touching, 204, 508, 571. See also Penis; Sex, foreplay; Testicles; Vagina; Vulva GeoffreyofSavigny, St., 198 Geoffrey of Trani, 417 Georgia, Attorney-General of, 610 Gerald of Wales, 221, 257-58, 342 Gerard Pucelle, 259, 267 Gerbert (archdeacon of Paris), 223 Germanic invasions, 124-26 Germanic kingdoms: divorce in, 131;

folklaw in, 125-27, 130, 131; marriage in, 128-31, 134-36, 138-43, 577; Ro­man law in, 125, 130; sexual mores in, 127

Germany, 404, 468, 487, 489

Gifts, 43

Gilbert de la Poree, 185

Gilberti, Gian Matteo, bp. of Verona, 561 Giles of Corbeil, 221

Gladiators: excluded from church, 73 Glanvill, 408-409. See also Law,

common

Gloss apparatus "Ecce vicit leo,” 348, 35²> 3⁸⁸> 386

Gloss apparatus “Militant siquidem pa­troni” 412

Gloss appparatus “Ordinaturus magis­ter,” 271

Glossa Palatina, 358, 366-67, 371, 385.

See also Laurentius Hispanus Gnosticism, 62, 63, 75, 83, 173 Goderhele, Matilda, 460 Godin, William, cardinal, 475 Godparents, 141, 193-94, 437. See also

Impediments, affinity

Goldberg, Arthur (associate justice), 610 Gomorrah, 57, 533; Book of, 212-13. See also Damian, Peter, St.; Sodom

Goody, Jack, 606-607

Gortyn, 13

Gosia, Martinus, 179, 190

Gospel according to the Egyptians, 62 Gower, John, 536

Graffiti, 26 Grdgds, 204 Granada, 488

Gratian: 3, 176, 195, 199, 228, 229-55 passim, 256, 285, 300, 311, 320, 325, 347> 3⁸3> 433, 5⁰5> 57⁸> 5⁸²; ^on adul­tery, 247-48; on clandestine marriage, 239; on concubinage, 245; date of De­cretum, 230; Decretum not officially adopted, 133; dialectical method, 229, 236, 259; on divorce, 243-45; on for­nication, 247, 383; life of, 229-30; on love, 234-35; on marital sex, 235-42; on marriage formation, 235-40; pa­leae, 232; on prostitution, 248-49; sources of Decretum, 230; structure of Decretum, 230-32; title of work, 229; Tractatus de consecratione, 232; Trac­tatus de matrimonio, 231-32; Trac­tatus de poenitentia, 232

Gregory I, pope, St., 134, 138, 140, 144,

217, 240, 244, 428

Gregory II, pope, 143-44

GregoryVII, pope, St., 180, 181, 192,

213, 217, 219, 221, 251, 553

Gregory VIII, pope, 325

Gregory IX, pope, 327, 395

Gregory X, pope, 419

Gregory (bp. of Tours), 139, 151

Gregory Nazianzen₁ St., 110

Gregory of Nyssa, St., 79, 82, 84

Grillandus, Paulus, 519, 544

Grosseteste, Robert (bp. of Lincoln), 474

Guardians. SeeTutors

Guibert of Nogent (abbot), 185

Guichard (bp. of Troyes), 473

Guido de Baysio (archdeacon of Bologna),

292, 418, 421, 424, 445, 455, 465

Hadrian I, pope, 170

Hadriana, 170

Halerana, 148

Halesowen, 445

Halitgar, 163

Hamartemata, 21

Hamburg, 218

Hammurabi, 10-11

Hardwick, Michael, 610

Hardwickes Act. See Marriage Act (1753)

Hart, H. L. A., 592

Hedone, 19

Helme, 527

Heloise, 222

Henry II, St., emperor, 145

Henry III, emperor, 180

Henry IV, emperor, 219

Henry VI, emperor, 337

Henry VIII (king of England), 572

Henry (bp. of Winchester), 267

Henry of Gelders (bp. of Liege), 474

Henry of Segusio, cardinal (bp. of Ostia).

See Hostiensis

Heresy, 186, 431, 473, 517, 519

Heretics: marriage of, 244; sex with, 518;

sexually promiscuous, 351, 493

Herlihy₁ David, 93, 135₁ 175

Hermifrid, 148

Herod, king, 52

Herodotus, 12

Hetairai, 14

Hildeprand (duke of Spoleto), 148 Hillel, School of, 53

Himerus (bp. of Tarragona), 111 Hincmar (abp. of Reims), 136-37, 144­

45, 149, 188, 202 Hippolytus, St., 70, 72 Hittites, 11 Hispana, 170-71 Holy Orders, 432 Homer, 12 Homosexuality, 3, 7, 13, 16, 27, 29,

47, 48-49, 57, 60, 61, 71, 73, 108, 121-22, 123, 149, 174, 207, 212-14, 251, 313-14> 3≠-4θθ> 472-74, 533­35, 548-49, 554, 57°, 5⁸4, 593, 610; blamed for disasters, 122, 398-99; causes of, 472; frequency of complaints, 533; grounds for divorce, 533; penal­ties, 166-67, 534-35; produces in­sanity, 534; reserved sin, 473. See also Clergy, and homosexuality; Lesbianism; Marriage, homosexual; Rape, of boys; Rape, homosexual; Sex, deviant, un­natural; Sodomy

Honor matrimonii, 33, 35

Honorius, emperor, 95-96, 102, 110 Honorius (magister), 259

Honorius III, pope, 327, 339, 340 Honorius of Autun, 185

Hormai, 19

Hormisdas, pope, 142 Hostiensis, cardinal (bp. of Ostia), 417,

424, 426-27, 434, 440-41, 447-48, 455> 459> 4θ1-θ2, 4θ4-θθ> 477-78, 483-85

Household, 23, 43, 52, 54, 104.

Hubert, St., 165

Hugh (count of Molise), 289

Hugh of Newcastle, 430

Hugh of St. Victor, 197, 198 Hugo da Porta Ravennata, 179

Huguccio (bp. of Ferrara, decretist), 257, 261, 262, 268, 270-71, 279, 281-85, 291-92, 297-98, 301, 303, 308, 309, 314, 316, 318, 323, 357, 359, 379, 389, 392, 449

Humbert de Prully, 430 Humbert de Romans, 422 Hus, Jan, 488

Hymenotomy, 458

Iceland, 203, 204, 438

Ignatius of Antioch, St., 66 Illegitimacy. See Children, illegitimate Impediments, marital: 88, 104, 105, 107, 111, 119-20, 140, 183, 191-95, 200­203, 236, 243, 288-89, 335; affinity, 36, 88,130,140-41,191-95, 200-201,203, 238, 243, 288, 299, 355-57. 400, 412. 416, 444, 454, 511, 564; age, 454; con­sanguinity, 36, 52, 88-89, 130, 140-41, 191-93, 195, 200-201, 203, 238, 243, 254, 288, 345, 355-57, 373-74’ 412, 415-16, 434-35. 454’ 5'^l> 564; con­traceptive intention, 574; diriment, 195, 289, 305; disparitas cultus, 573; force and fear, 36, 275, 335, 345, 374, 400, 414, 437, 454, 484, 511-12; impedient, 195, 289; insanity, 195, 201, 288; liga­men, 195, 238, 242, 288, 374, 454; mixed religion, 105, 111, 142, 195-96, 238, 244; precontract, 454, 512; prohibitive, 195; supervening affinity, 338, 356, 360, 373- 74. 434-35’ 437∙ See also Impo­tence and frigidity; Incest; Marriage

Impotence and frigidity, 36, 163-64, 284, 288, 290-92, 376-78, 591; absolute, 291; evidence of, 224-25, 322, 413, 457; grounds for divorce, 39, 115, 143­45, 172, 200-203, 224, 236, 243, 290­92, 339’ 415. 456- 58’ 504, 512, 558­59; natural, 145, 291, 457; permanent, 145, 291, 339, 457; relative, 377-78; senile, 376; temporary, 145, 291, 457. See also Courts, canonical: procedures; Evidence; Impediments, marital; Sor­cery; Sterility

Impurity: ritual, 53, 70, 81, 92, 111, ¹5θ^-57> ¹74> 194-95’ 213, 240; sexual, 2, 5’ 6, 15, 53. 5θ^-57. 63, 70. 75. 79. 80, 81, 92, 150, 154, 194-95, 213-15, 240, 246, 261, 394, 406, 415, 424, 448, 503-504. 549’ 571. 574- 75, 5θi∙ See also Purity

In primis hominibus. See Treatise “In primis hominibus"

Incest, 14, 36, 63, 88, 107, 131, 140-41, 163-64, 167, 208, 247, 289, 355-5θ> 434-35, 493∙ See also Impediments, marital

Indissolubility. See Marriage, indis­solubility of

Infamia, 37-38, 46, 192, 207, 249, 253,

277, 3⁰5> 3⁰7> 3io> 394> 4°θ Inheritance, 43, 46, 54

Injunction, 506 Injuria, action for, 46. See also Delicts Innocent I, pope, 163

Innocent III, pope, 325, 326, 337-40,

359, 373, 380, 382-83, 395, 397, 402,

406, 411-12

Innocent IV, pope, 417-19, 427, 455 Inquisition, 517, 574, 590 Insanity: grounds for divorce, 39, 559.

See also Impediments, marital Insemination: and consummation, 505 InstitutesofJustinian, 113 Intentionality, 35, 40-41, 89, 130, 241,

269, 280, 301, 306, 313, 341, 385-87,

444, 449-50, 462. See also Consent Inter opera caritatis, 395-96 Intercourse: anal, 27, 49, 108, 161, 166­

67, 212, 241, 286, 367, 455, 473, 508, 533, 5θ7, 5⅛, θi3; femoral, 167, 212. See also Amplexus reservatus-, Coital positions; Coitus a tergo-, Coitus in­terruptus; Homosexuality; Sex; Sodomy Intimacy, 5, 7, 8, 165, 194, 415, 581-82.

See also Affection; Love; Marital affec­tion; Marriage; Sex

Ireland, 584-85 Irnerius (Guarnerius, Warner), 179, 190,

224 Ishtar, 11-12, 14 Isidore, St. (bp. of Seville), 134, 138,

147, 171. See also Pseudo-Isidorian

Decretals

Islam: and sex, 9 Italy, 394, 404, 446, 476, 487, 508, 546,

574, 584; marriage ceremonies in, 88, 440, 489, 502

Ivo, St. (bp. of Chartres), 182, 188-89, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 200-203, 204, 205, 209, 212, 213-14, 217, 223-25, 228, 230, 237

Jacobus (Bolognese jurist), 179

Jacobus Butrigarius, 458

Jacques de Vitry, 390-91, 399, 450 James I, the Conqueror (king of Aragon and Catalunya), 370, 422, 458

James II (king of Aragon and Catalunya), 473

James of Forli, 450

James the Deacon, 107

Jankyn, 496

Jansenists, 579, 608

Jean de Meung, 321, 423, 476

Jean d’lbelin, 434, 439

Jephthah the Gileadite, 55

Jerome, St., 2, 79, 138, 185, 240, 248, 260; and concubinage, 100-101; and divorce, 94-95; and marriage, 84-85, 90-9¹, 240-41, 367, 553; and sex, 82, 84-85, 90-91, 367, 424, 555; and Stoics, 82, 90; and women, 85. See also Jovinian, Jovinianism

Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of. See Cru­sader states; Levant

Jesus ben Sirach, 51

Jesus ofNazareth, 211; and adultery, 5, 58-59; and divorce, 58, 74, 511; and marriage, 5, 57, 58, 74; and prostitu­tion, 5, 58-59, 74, 106; and sex, 2, 5, 57-60, 64, 74, 576; sexualized, 228

Jews, 51-57, 65, 105, 107, 111, 469, 518, 525> 613

Joannes Andrea. See Andrea, Joannes

Joannes Bazianus, 318

Joannes Faventinus, 257, 265-66, 270, 283, 293, 309, 313-14

Johann von Sterngassen, 430

Johannes Teutonicus, 326, 347-48, 362; Compilatio quarta, 348; Glossa or­dinaria, 347-50, 352, 358, 364, 368, 373> 377-78, 380-81, 386-90, 392­93, 397-98, 4∞-401, 4θ3> 410

John XXII, pope, 419

John (abp. of Rouen), 221

John (bp. of Norwich), 334

John Cassian, St., 83, 86, 103, 109

John Chrysostom, St., 79, 84, 97-98, 103, 106, no

John Damascene, St., 138

John Duns Scotus. See Duns Scotus, John

John of Salisbury, 267, 287, 289, 291

John ofTynemouth, 259, 365, 368, 377, 379

John of Wales, 326, 327

John Paul II, pope, 5, 589-91

Jonas, bp. of Orleans, 139-40

Joseph, St., 274, 354

Josephus, 52, 53

Josfried (bp. of Paris), 221

Jovinian, Jovinianism, 82, 84-85, 111

Judaism: and sex, 9

Jupiter, 37, 112

Jurists: in Latin Kingdom, 434; Roman, 28-30, 46-47, 49, 114, 239; and Sto­icism, 28. See also Marcian; Modes­tinus; Papinian; Paulus; Ulpian

Jms gentium, 423

Jus occidendi, 31, 119, 248, 307, 388, 513

Justin II, emperor, 117

Justin Martyr, St., 65, 66, 68

Justinian I, emperor, 113-23, 178, 193, 302, 398

Katorthemata, 21

Kaufehe, 128

Kempe, Margery, 503-504, 507

Kent, The Fair Maid of, 500-501

KhafrasTale, 12

Kindred, 125-26

King’s Lynn, 504

Kiss of peace, 405

Kissing, 34, 204, 246, 302-303, 451, 457, 492, 508, 519, 531, 541

Kunigunde, St., queen, 145

Lactantius, 63, 73

Lactation, 199, 242, 508

Lahis (prostitute), 26

Lambert of Hersfeld (abbot of Hasungen),

221

Lamech, 407, 478

Landlord, 32

Laon, School of, 203. See also Anselm of Laon

Latin America, 617

Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. See Cru­sader states

Laurentius Hispanus, 328, 371-72, 375­76, 405, 412. See also Glossa Palatina

Law: Bavarian, 132; Burgundian, 131;

civil, 384, 436, 444, 584; common, 384, 408-409, 471, 506, 544, 608, 611; cus­tomary, 269, 390, 434-35, 461-62, 470, 481; derogated, 277; of Esnunna, 11; of Gortyn, 13; Greek, 13-15; Hit­tite, 11; Japanese, 4; Lombard, 131­32, 361; and morality, 1, 3, 6, 28, 50, 255, 587-88, 592-95, 608-17; munici­pal, 420, 442-44, 461, 463, 465-69, 473> 478, 482-87, 491-93, 506, 515, 517-18, 520-21, 524-34, 540, 543­44. 548, 578; natural, 7, 63, 235, 240, 261, 279, 306, 348, 445, 459, 533; Pol­ish, 128; Portugese, 473; positive, 306; Roman-Dutch, 38; Salic, 131, 133, 297; Sardinian, 516, 519-20, 531; and sex,

1, 4, 49-50; and social policy, 595; Visi­gothic, 133, 147, 149. See also Canon law; Courts, canonical; Courts, civil; Germanic kingdoms, folklaw; Purity law; Roman law

LeCoq, Jean, 531 Legists. See Civilians

Leipzig, 468

Leno. See Panderer

Lenocinium. See Pandering

Leo I, emperor, 106

Leo I, pope, St., 96, 102, 136, 142, 188 Leo IX, pope, St. 180, 212, 218 Leopold VI (duke of Austria), 393 Lepers, leprosy, 269, 303, 335, 385, 493,

559

Lerida, 418

Lesbianism, 27, 57, 60, 167, 213, 400, 570-71. See also Homosexuality

Lesolo, 518

Levant, 195, 207, 211, 213. See also Crusader states

Lex Aelia Sentia, 35

Lex Julia de adulteriis, 27, 29-31, 33, 39,

40, 43, 49, 104, 120, 121, 132

Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus, 33 Lex Julia de vi publica, 47 Lex Julia et Papia Poppea, 33, 41 Lex Scantinia, 49 Libanis (prostitute), 26 Libanius, 25

Libentius (bp. of Hamburg), 218 LiberdevitaChristiana, 181-82 Liher Extra, 327. See also Decretalists Liber Sextus, 41g Licentia stupri, 25 Lichfield, 545

Limengais, Pierre de, 445 Literacy, 177 Litry (parish), 460 Livonia, 340

London, 176, 522-23, 528, 529, 533, 545 Lothair II, king, 144

Lothario dei Segni. See Innocent III, pope

Louis VI, the Fat (king of France), 184 Louis VII, the Young (king of France),

288, 289, 344

Louis IX, St. (king of France), 466, 469 Louis the Pious, emperor, 144, 147, 149 Love, 16-17, ²73, 3²3; excessive, 90-91;

insanity of, 349; marital 5, 22, 57-58,

67, 89, 13θ> 197, 238-39, 300, 431, 556, 581-82; romantic, 184-85, 204­205, 210, 227-28, 278, 300-301, 333; and sex, 20, 58, 194, 204-205, 227-28, 234-35> 55θ, 575> 581-82, 590- 9i∙ See also Affection; Eros; Free love; Marital affection; Marriage; Sex Lucca, 492, 522, 532, 544, 546 Lucius III, pope, 374, 397 Lucretius, 22 Ludicri artes, 36 Ludzisko, Jan de, 538 Luke (evangelist), 59 Lust, 62, 74, 83-84, 90, 185, 215, 401,

421, 429 Luther, Martin, 510, 552-55, 558-60 Luxuria, 281

Maeabru, 184 Magicians, 72 Magna Carta, 407 Maimonides, 287 Maitland, Frederic William, 265

Maleficium, 290. See also Sorcery Mamzer, 55

Manichaeanism, 83-84, 97, 173, 186 Mann Act, 8

Mantua, 466 Marcian, 48

Marcus von Weide, 503-504

Marital affection, 8, 22, 35, 38, 39, 41­42, 67, 94, 114, 117, 130, 239, 245, 267, ²74> ²97-98, 300, 322, 446-47, 505-506, 511-12, 556, 586. Seealso Affection; Intimacy; Love

Marriage, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19-23, 32-38, 49, 58, 60, 61, 79, 135-43, 187-99, 399, 414-15; absence of spouse, 506­507; of adulterous couples, 105, 247­48; age at, 34, 88, 103, 238, 288, 335, 357, 433-34, 494-95; annulment of, 201-203; Anvertrauung, 128; Baby­lonian, 11; as basic right, 431; banns, 362, 415, 441-43, 500, 573; bed, 88, 279, 286, 415, 448; ceremonies, 34, 52, 66, 88, 128, 136, 142, 189-91, 254, 268, 275, 279, 415, 439-40, 498­500, 502; between Christians and non­Christians, 195-96, 238, 244, 267, 340, 361, 379-80, 573; civil matter, 572; clandestine, 66, 142, 189-90, 239, 240, ²54> 276-77, 289, 298, 335-3θ, 341, 344, 345, 354, 361-64, 370, 409, 415, 440-43, 477, 488, 496-501, 512, 552, 561, 564-65, 572, 588, 616; clerical, 69-70, 72, 110-12, 122, 150-51, 183, 189, 214-23, 226-27, 251, 318, 342­43, 416, 537-38; coital theory of, 136­37, 188-89, ²37, 262, 269, 616; com­panionate, 144; compared to religious life, 451; and concubinage, 114, 129; condemned, 85, 140, 186, 235; condi­tional, 36, 238, 277-78, 338-39, 447; consent to, 235, 238, 243, 250, 275, 288, 352, 354, 376, 436-37, 484, 564; consensual theory of, 87, 94, 117, 135, 187, 262, 264, 269, 414, 502, 547, 572, 588, 615; consummation of, 36, 92, 130, 136-37, 188-89, 202, 235-37, 243, 263, 267, 279, 282, 296, 335, 376­77, 437, 5^θ2> 504-505, 509-10, 512, 547; contract, 33, 36, 87-88, 93, 273, 353-55, 502; of converts, 101, 296, 340; debt, 93, 198, 236, 241-42, 281­84, 286, 307, 356, 358-60, 364, 373, 453, 505-507, 511, 611; definition of, 33, 114; ecclesiastical model of, 174­75, 183-84, 194; Egyptian, 12; endoga­mous, 192-94, 1g9, 227; exogamous, 183-84, 193-94, 225, 227, 594; fidelity in, 89, 93; formation of, 188-90, 194­98, 223, 228, 234, 235-38, 264-65, 288, 291, 296, 351-55, 361-62, 415, 430-43, 502; formless transaction, 35, 353; foundation of social order, 496; free choice of partner, 87, 183, 194, 227, 238, 288, 335, 407-408, 414, 437-39, 499, 548, 586, 588; French theory of, 236-37; Friedelehe, 128-29; future consent to, 237, 264, 413, 437, 501, 509, 616; Germanic, 127-31, 135-36; good use of evil thing, 89, 138, 140, 280, 580; grace not given by, 432; in Greece, 13; to heretics, 196; homo­sexual, 474; iconography of, 415; indis­solubility of, 33, 95-96, 115, 122, 135, 143-45, 175, 183, 199, 225, 239, 267, 29θ, 355, 37°, 5θι, 572, 575, 580; in­formal, 245; Italian theory of, 236-37; Jewish, 51-54, 107, 296, 361; jurisdic­tion over, 87, 137; Kaufehe, 128; lay model of, 175, 183-84, 194; legitimate, 102, 136, 189, 275; !evirate, 107, 340; litigation, 223-25, 322-23, 435, 454, 458, 482-83, 509, 544-45; market, 55, 88, 227; matrimonium initiatum, 235, 265, 288, 433; matrimonium iniustum, 41-42; matrimonium ratum, 235, 266, 267, 288, 296, 433, 504; monogamous, 127, 175, 183, 235, 577, 587, 594, 615; Muntvertrag, 128; negotiations for, 497; between non-Christians, 244, 267, 340; before a notary, 440, 502-503; origin of, 271; pagan, 244; parental consent to, 183, 188, 194, 238, 275, 364, 437-39, 443, 498-5∞, 552-53, 564, 586; as partnership, 355; per­manent, 33; as personal relationship, 75, 274, 333; present consent to, 237, 264, 268, 288, 334, 352, 437, 498, 502, 509, 552, 616; before a priest, 383, 503, 616; and procreation, 16, 17, 51, 67, 89, 139, 197, 255, 280, 281, 282, 352, 3θ4-θ5, 3θ8, 429, 503, 555- 574­75, 577> 582; of prostitutes, 56, 212, 249; between Protestants and Catho­lics, 573; by proxy, 355, 436, 497-98; public, 66, 142, 439; of rapist and vic­tim, 107, 119, 209-10, 231, 250, 312, 338, 396, 470-71, 531; Rauhehe, 128­29; records of, 564; a relative good, 89, 140; as remedy for fornication, 140, 271-72, 281, 352, 365, 368, 574, 577; Roman, 22-23, 32-38, 87, 114; sac­rament, 92, 115, 122, 140, 236, 254, 431-32, 553, 558; of serfs, 196, 360­61, 500; sex in, 17, 19-21, 82-83, 89­93> i39-4θ> 270, 352-53> 552-53, 574, 579; of slaves, 31-32, 36, 87, 196; as social bond, 238, 352, 444; and social mobility, 435; spiritual, 75, 112, 150, 217; tacit consent to, 437; taxed, 572; theology of, 136-40; tolerated, 432; Trauung, 128; trial, 131. See also Af­fection; Bigamy; Celibacy; Concubi­nage; Contubernium-, Digamy; Di­vorce; Impediments, marital; Marital affection; Nuptial blessing; Presump­tion, of marriage; Remarriage; Sex, marital

Marriage Act (1753), 572, 615; (1857), 572 Marseille, 468

Martial, 26-28 Martin, St., 158 Martinus Gosia. See Gosia, Martinus Mary Magdalen, St., 211-12, 465; Order of, 395

Mary the Harlot, St., 107 Massachusetts, 609 Masturbation, 7, 18, 27, 60, 61, 109-10, 168, 174, 207, 212-13, 314, 385, 400­401, 425, 533, 571, 583, 593; frequency, 535; ^as grounds for divorce, 534; mu­tual, 166, 212-13, 533; penalties, 165­66; reserved sin, 473, 535; unnatural, 571 Matfre Ermengau. See Ermengau, Matfre Matilda (countess of Tuscany), 192 MatthewofVendome, 222

Mazzolini, Silvestro Prierias. See

Syloestrina

Medici, Rosso di Giovanni di Niccolo de’,

523

Melanchthon, Philip, 553

Melfi. See Constitutions of Melfi

Men of Intelligence (heretical group), 493 Menstruation. See Sex, forbidden during menstruation

Merchants, absences of, 506

Meretrix. See Prostitutes

Merton, Statute of (1236), 544

Miasma, 2, 15

Middleton, Richard, 429

Midwives, 224, 512

Milan, 176, 216. See also Edict of Milan “Militant siquidem patroni,” 412

Mirc, John, 498, 534

Miscegenation. See Marriage, between Christians and non-Christians; Sex, between Christians and non-Christians

Mishnah, 52-57

Misogyny, 64-65, 85, 284, 324, 350-51, 425-28, 496, 548-49, 5θo-6ι, 591. See also Equality, of men and women

Missionary position. See Coital positions Modena, 443, 463, 518, 532

Modestinus (Roman jurist), 29, 33 Moechia, 205, 304

Monasticism, 78-79, 109, 165-66. See also Asceticism

Moncada, 458

Montaigne, Jean, 496, 540 Montaillou, 423, 445, 468 Montanism, 64, 68

Monte delle dotti. See Dowry Monteforte, 186

Montpellier, 276, 418

Morality: Christian, 2-3, 9, 79; Jewish, Si-53, 74; sexual, 1-4, 7-8, 15-21, 28, 60-61, 70, 74, 82, 137, 254, 280, 503-504, 594, 608

Morley, Daniel, 258

Mosaicarum et Romanorum legum col­latio, 108

Muhammad, 399

Mundium, Munt, 128, 129

Municipal law. See Law, municipal Muslims, 351

Musonius (stoic writer), 20, 67, 72

Nablus. See Councils

Nanthild, queen, 146

Natural law. See Law, natural

Nature: as cosmological principle, 324, 423; as moral criterion, 7, 16, 63, 108, 139, 203, 213, 235, 251, 279, 286, 430, 519, 571, 577; as source of sexual de­sire, 348, 423

Ndola, 7

Neri, Philip, St., 561

Nevizzani, Giovanni, 519-20, 523, 532, 539, 541, 548-49

New Jersey, Supreme Court of, 610

Niccolo de’ Tudeschi (abp. of Palermo).

See Panormitanus

Nicholas I, pope, 169

Nicholas II, pope, 218, 220, 221

Nicholas de ΓAigle, 259

Nicholas of Lyra, 422, 424-25, 428-29, 431. 447> 460

Nicholas of Plowe, 491

Nicolaitism, 63, 216

Nimes, 525

Noonan, John T., Jr., 94

Normandy, 129, 198, 436, 467, 479 Northild, 149

Norway, 404, 474

Notabilia “Aliter debet,” 433, 456

Notabilia “Argumentum quod religiosi,” 3θ9, 371

Notoriety, 320, 404, 411-12. Seealso Evidence

Notre Dame de Paris, 393

Novara, 543

Novels, Novellae leges, 113, 115-17, 119 Nudity, 20, 110, 161, 302, 424-25, 508,

566

Nuns, 112-13, 313, 385; marriage to, 142; prostitution of, 105, 523; rape or abduction of, 119, 148, 250; sex with, 132, 151, 252

Nuptial blessing, 88, 142, 189, 267, 343, 441-42, 477, 498, 502, 541

Nyssa, Gregory of, St. See Gregory of Nyssa, St.

Oberhanheim, 522

Odo of Doura, 259

Odo Rigaldus (bp. of Rouen), 403

Odofredus, 444, 458, 462

Old-Irish Penitential, 166

Oldradus da Ponte, 424₁ 470-71

Olivi, PeterJohn₁ 421, 431-32

Orange (France), 418

Ordeals, 224, 253, 319, 416

Orgasm, 204, 450-51₁ 571

Origen, 62₁ 64, 66, 86-87

Orleans, 186, 313, 347, 468, 479. See also Synods

Ourania, 12

Oxford, 256, 346, 390

Padua, 346

Paelex, 25

Paelicatus, 40, 42

Paintings, 279

Paisley, Rev. Ian, 593

Palencia, 346

Pandects, Pandekta. See Digest

Pandenws, 12

Panderer, 45, 73, 120, 212, 310, 466-67. See also Pimp

Pandering, 45-46, 121, 94, 207, 392, 614. See also Pimp

Panormia, 182

Panormitanus, 505

Papinian (Roman jurist), 29

Paradise, sex in, 83-84

Paris, 257, 258, 313, 346, 390-91, 383, 468, 529-30; bishop of, 221; officialis of, 5¹3> 544; university of, 459. See also Josfried (bp. of Paris)

Parlement, 196

Paschal ∏, pope, 219

Paston, Margery, 500

Patarines, 216

Paterfamilias, 22-23, 34> 4⁸

Patrick, St., 110

Paucapalea, 256-57, 263, 293, 309, 316

Paul III, pope, 562-63

Paul IV, pope, 561

Paul VI, pope, 5

Paul, St., 21, 59, 83, 98, 104, 406; and digamy, 68, 98, 112, 479; and marriage, 59, 68, 241; and sex, 60-61, 74; and Stoicism, 21, 60; on virtues and vices, 60-61

Paulus (Roman jurist), 40-41, 48, 173, 468

PauIus de Castro, 513, 516, 544

Pederasty, 47, 71, 73, 213, 251

Pedro de Albalat, 440

Pelagia the Harlot, St., 107

Pelagianism, 84

Penance, 71; commutation of, 154; pri­vate, 154; public, 153; redemption of, 154; sex during, 91, 199, 242

Penis, 203-204, 385, 567; erection, 45θ-57J ^size of, 27, 458

Penitentials, 152-69, 174, 225, 229, 577

Pepo, 178

Per tuas, 338-39

Pergamon, 216

Perugia, 419, 465, 491, 493, 518, 521, 534

Peter I (king of Cyprus), 439

Peter Abelard. See Abelard, Peter

Peter Damian, St. See Damian, Peter, St.

Peter des Roches (bp. of Winchester), 447

Peter Lombard, 264, 266, 268, 270, 290, 295> 5^fi2

Peter of Ancharano, 497, 505

Peter of Rlois, 287, 393

Peter of Ravenna, 510

Peter the Chanter, 282, 310, 313

Petrus Comestor, 566

Petrus de Monte, 499

Pharisees, 59, 106

Philip I (king of France), 184

Philip II, Augustus (king of France), 337

Philippe de Novarre, 439

Philo Judaeus, 13, 57

Phoenicia, 11-12, 14, 106

Physiology. See Anatomy and physiology

Piacenza, 524

Piedmont, 186

Pierre de La Plaude, 430-32, 435, 442­43> 45L 45θ> 474. 5°⁸

Pilgrimage, 475

PiIlius, 329

Pimp, 46, 73, 121, 122, 212, 310, 392, 394, 466-67, 522, 527-28, 546. See also Panderer; Pandering; Prostitution, promoting

Pisa, 418

Pistoia, 494

Pius II, pope, 568

Placentinus, 329

Plantagenet, Joan, 500-501

Plato, 15-16, 235 Plautus, 40 Pleasure, 15; healthy, 450; physical, 19;

sexual, 7, 8, 15-22, 53, 67, 80, 82-84, 90, 93, 108, 138, 139, 151, 203-204, 255, 280, 281, 283, 286-87, 314, 323, 349, 421-22, 424, 429, 447, 449, 453, 503, 549> 57¹> 577> 5⁸*

Pliny, 156

Poland, 561. See also Law, Polish Pollution, nocturnal, 80, 109, 214, 400­401; sexual, 80, 92, 150, 194, 213, 240, 246, 394, 406, 549, 581. See also Impurity

Polygyny, 6, 52, 65, 225, 299, 304, 359, 380, 477-78, 615; among Germanic invaders, 128, 131, 577

Pompeii, 26

Ponce de Leδn, Basilio, 565

Popes: and sex, 5, 589-91. See also names of individual pontiffs

Porneia, 58, 60, 61 Pornography, 110, 549-50 Port, Margery (concubine), 445 Poverty: causes prostitution, 464 Poynant, John, 512 Prague, 418

Pregnancy. See Sex, forbidden during pregnancy

Presumption: of adultery, 363, 519-20; of bastardy, 544; of consummation, 502; of death, 38, 142, 164, 201, 203, 269, 292-94, 374-75, 455-5θ; of fact, 41­42, 412; of impotence, 457; of legiti­macy, 544; of marriage, 299, 354, 363, 412, 436, 444, 502, 515-16; ofperjury, 291; against rape, 532; rebuttal of, 502, 516; of sexual intercourse, 413; of un­chastity, 401; of virginity, 492 Pretiosae, 25

Priests: Jewish, 53, 55, 56; pagan, 63, 73 Priscillianism, 84

Prisoners of war, 32 Prohrositas, 45

Procedure. See Courts, canonical, proce­dures in

Procopius, 121

Procreation. See Marriage, and procrea­tion; Sex, and procreation

Procurer. See Panderer; Pandering; Pimp Promiscuity, sexual, 7, 16, 44, 45, 58, 74, 248, 430, 464-65. See also Prostitutes; Prostitution

Property: of brothelkeepers, 46; marital, 35, 39, 223, 319, 344, 363, 408, 458, 479-80, 513, 540-42; ofprostitutes, 46, 211; and sexual relationships, 49, 214, 479-80, 516. See also Dowry

Prostitutes, 26, 29, 30, 59, 60, 61, 120­21, 147, 512, 514, 518, 527, 546, 557­58; child, 26; children of, 105, 249; church attendance by, 73, 3g3; classi­fied, 521-22; clients of, 248-49, 309, 463, 525-26, 528-29, 614; clothing of, 46-47, 68; and concubines, distin­guished, 39-40, 44, 100-101, 445; on crusade, 211, 391, 466; debts of, 524; defined, 44, 390, 464-65; described, 390-91; directory of, 522; earnings of, 26, 46, 248, 393, 523; Egyptian, 12; ex­pelled, 463; festivals for, 44; Finnish, 133; gifts by, 56, 309, 393; greedy, 464; hanged, 557; inheritance by, 30; just price for services of, 523; licensed, 25; lustful, 464; male, 14-15, 26, 44; mar­riage of, 44, 45, 56, 212, 248-49, 309, 342, 395-96; and married men, 27, 525; minimum age for, 42; numbers of, 310-11, 522; nun as, 523; priests’ wives as, 216, 220, 226; property of, 46, 211, 309, 392, 465-67, 523; protec­tion of, 46, 121, 392, 394, 466, 522, 529; rape of, 394, 466, 529, 570; reform of, 121, 211-12, 249, 309, 342, 395­96, 469, 486, 521, 529-30; salvation of, 106-107; segregated, 105, 524; skills of, 26; Slavic, 133; social background of, 45> 47, 521-23; sterile, 464; super­vision of, 468-69; taxed, 393-94, 465­66, 523; terms for, 25; theft from, 46. See also Actresses; Brothels; Pander­ing; Pimp; Prostitution; Taverns

Prostitution: 3, 5, 14-15, 23, 58-59, 94, 101, 105-107, 120-21, 147, 204, 207, 210-12, 224, 227, 248-49, 281, 308­11, 342, 3S9-96, 445, 4θ3-69, 557­5⁸, 569, 614; Athenian, 14-15; causes of, 310, 391, 464; defined, 55, 248, 390, 464-65; Egyptian, 12; evil, 106; frequency, 481-82; in Germanic law, 133, 147-48; in Gratian, 248-49; in Judaism, 55-56; minor offense, 209; morality of, 105-106; not a crime in Roman law, 27; of nuns, 105, 523; of servants, 46; of slaves, 14, 25, 45, 46, 106, 121; patronizing, 309, 463; pay­ment not essential, 44, 248; penalties, 56, 147; promoting, 392, 467; as public utility, 463, 521-30, 569; Roman, 25-27, 44-47; sacred, 11, 55; sinful, 106, 463; taxed, 15, 25, 106, 465­66; tolerated, 27, 44, 105-106, 226, 463, 522. See also Baths, bathhouses; Brothels; Panderers; Pandering; Pimp; Prostitutes; Taverns

Provence, 486

Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, 171-72, 188, 195. I9θ

Puberty, 42, 103, 433, 531; full, 357; in­complete, 357. See also Marriage, age at; Prostitutes, minimum age for; Rape, “statutory”

Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of, 609, 611 Pullen, Robert, 282

Puritans, 579, 582, 608 Purity, 2-3, 8, 15, 53, 5θ~57, i54~59, 185-86, 240, 253. See also Impurity; Pollution; Sex

Purity law, 2; Jewish, 3, 53, 57 Pythagoreans, 17, 75

Quanto te, 340, 380 Quantum predecessores, 344 Queen of Heaven, 11

Quemadmodum, 383 Questiones Cusanae, 313 Questiones Londinenses, 259 Questiones Stuttgardienses, 299

Quod nobis, 336

Rabanus Maurus (abp. of Mainz), 144, 15¹, ⁱθ3

Rabenno (count of Fermo), 148 Ralph (count of Vermandois), 287 Raoul Ardent, 221

Rape, 3, 14, 47-48, 55> 5θ, 73, 107. 129, 148, 209-10, 231, 249-50, 253, 311- 13, 319, 39θ-98, 4θ9-72, 486, 519, 522, 530-33, 569-70; age of victims, 311; accessories to, 471-72, 532; at­tempted, 532; ofbetrothedwoman, 119, 312; of boys, 48; consent to, 47-48, 107, 209, 311, 532; as crime against parents, 532, 569-70; fear essential in, 48; of fiancee, 313, 396, 470, 532; force as element of, 48, 249-50, 311, 396, 570; frequency of, 469-70, 481-82, 530; gang, 478; in Germanic law, 133; homosexual, 213, 535; jurisdiction over, 409; marital, 313, 396, 449, 471, 507, 532, 611; of nuns, 119, 148, 250; penalties for, 107, 119, 165, 209, 250, 3¹3> 398, 47^1-7²> 53«-3²; resistance to, 311, 396, 470, 484, 532; sanctuary for perpetrator, 210, 250; “statutory,” 311, 531; subsequent marriage of per­petrator and victim, 107, 119, 209­10, 231, 250, 312, 338, 396, 470-71, 531; time limits on complaints about, 484; underreported, 470, 530; victims of, 250, 530-31. See also Abduction; Elopement; Prostitutes, rape of; Rap­tus; Ravishment

Raptus: of property, 311; and rape, 48, 148, 209, 249, 570

Raubehe, 128-29.

Ravishment, 48; and rape, 532-33. See also Abduction; Elopement; Rape; Raptus

Rawlinson, Sir Henry Creswicke, 10 Raymond (count of Toulouse), 145 Raymond of Penafort, St., 327, 328, 383,

392, 397-99, 4⁰¹> 458, 484 Reasonable man standard, 345 Reconciliation, 173, 200, 289 Reformation, 4, 538, 55i-θι, 579, 582.

See also Church reform Regensburg, 501, 511, 545 Reggio Emilia, 491, 537, 540-41 Regino (abbot of Priim), 172-73, 180 Reims, 171, 537

Remarriage, 36-39, 61, 95, 94-98, 105, 143-45, 164, 196, 199, 223, 243-45, 37o-7⁶, 453-58, 509, 513, 552, 558­61; and adultery, 68; after death of spouse, 36, 68, 112, 142, 477, 514, 581;

Remarriage (continued)

after divorce, 94-95, 144-45, ¹7²>

175, 201, 584, 593; compared to mur­der, 68. See also Digamy

Renaissance, Oftwelfthcentury, 177-79 Repudiation, 39. See also Betrothal;

Divorce

Responsa Gregorii, 140-41, 157, 163, 185, 246, 260

Rhampsinitus, pharoah, 12

Rhazes, 472

Rhineland, 256

Ricardus Anglicus, 377, 384, 406 Richard I, Lion-Heart (king of England),

337

Richard II (king of England), 533

Rieti, 491-92, 518

Robert Courson. See Courson, Robert, cardinal

Robert Grosseteste. See Grosseteste,

Robert

RobertofFlamborough, 399, 406-407 Robert of Melun, 262

Roffredus, 329

Roger (king of Sicily), 391-92 Roi des rihauds, 468

Roland of Cremona, 449

Rolandus Bandinelli. See Alexander III,

pope

Rolandus (decretist), 257, 263, 272, 279­84, 289, 290, 292-93, 296, 301, 306, 3°7> 3O9> 3iθ> S²²

Roman curia: 292, 592; dicasteries, 572; Penitentiary, 572; Rota, 501, 572-73; Signatura, 572

Roman de la rose, 421, 423, 476

Roman law, 28-50, 177-79, 207,

211, 229, 264, 320, 364, 374, 466, 468,

481, 516, 544, 578; and canon law, 233-34, 347; classical period of, 28; codification of, 113. See also Law, civil Rome, 176, 418, 487. See also Roman

curia; Synods

Rossi, Elena (prostitute), 522

Rota, Roman, 501, 572-73 Rouen. See Councils; John (abρ. of Rouen) Roye, Guy de (abp. of Sens), 509 RudolfofWorms, 395

Rufina (concubine), 43

Rufinus (abp. of Sorento), 257, 263, 276, 280, 290, 293, 294-95, 3^{o l}> 3θ2, 309­10, 311, 312, 316-17, 318, 321

Runcarians, 429

Rural deans, 459, 481

Sacerdotal dynasties, 110, 150, 215, 226, 315

Sacraments, 92. See also Baptism; Eucha­rist; Extreme unction; Marriage Sacramentum coniugii non ab homine.

See Treatise De ortu coniugii: “Sacra­mentum coniugii non ab homine" Sacred Congregation of the Doctrine of

the Faith. See Inquisition

Saevitia: as grounds for separation, 455, 510-11, 559; juristic development of, 455

Saignet, Guillaume, 538 Salamanca, 347

Sanchez, Tomas, 564-67, 574 Sandeo, Felino, 499

Saracens, 195, 207, 518

Sardinia, customary law of. See Carta

de logu; Eleanora of Arborea Savigliano, 465 Saxey, Samuel (puritan divine), 557 Scampanate. See Charivari Scheie, Johann (bp. of Lubeck), 538 Schliemann, Heinrich, 10 Scotland, 489 Scotus, John Duns. See Duns Scotus,

John

Seduction, 13-14, 47, 56-57, 210, 250, 251, 461, 517

Self-help, 307, 462; against rape, 48; in Hittite law, 11; in Roman law, 31, 48. See also Jus occidendi

Seminary system, 569 Senators, Roman, 36, 42, 45, 105

Seneca, 19-21, 82, 90

Sens, 313, 468

Separation: from bed and board, 453,

511; and divorce, compared, 371; grounds for, 200, 201, 371, 415-16, 455, 5¹⁰~¹¹> 542; informal, 173, 289, 372, 453, 5θ5, SM, 545, 559; marital, 39, 95, HS. 142-43. 145. 173, 199­203, 208, 223, 37θ-7θ> 453-58, 548, 561; to enter religion, 202, 242, 288, ²9θ> 375∙ See also Betrothal; Divorce; Remarriage

Sepulveda, Fueros of, 462, 466 Serfs, 196, 360-61, 500

Serlo₁ Magister (pastoral writer), 462, 472 Servants, 130; emancipation of, 46; prosti­tution of, 45. See also Sex, with servants Seville, 176, 526, 530, 537

Sex: abstinence from, 8, 53, 67, 86, 91­92, 138-39> i55-θι, 173, 174, 340, 242, 285, 288, 422, 503-504, 577; af­finity results from, 194-95,238,334-35, 444; and anger, 449; and astrology, 428, 452, 464; arousal, 204, 302; and bap­tism, 422; between Christians and non­Christians, 207, 461-62, 518; and the clergy, 3, 8, 9, 69-70, 110-13, 150­52, 214-23, 251-53, 314-19, 401­405, 474- 77, 53θ-39, 554- 5θ7-⅛; in comedies, 302; and death, 62; debilitat­ing, 139, 425, 490-91; as a defect, 246; deviant, 108, 149, 212-14, 251, 313­14, 334, 473-74, 508, 533-36, 583; divides soul, 53; drives out Holy Spirit, 64, 366; and ecstasy, 11; and evil, 82, 86, 89, 154, 182, 203, 280, 415, 448­49, 549; excessive, 17, 90-91, 139,

198, 285-87, 295, 366-67, 555-5θ; ex­traordinary voluptuousness in, 287; for­bidden during Advent, 158, 198, 242; forbidden on Fridays, 157; forbidden during lactation, 199, 242, 508; forbid­den during Lent, 91, 158, 198, 242; forbidden during menstruation, 53, 91-92, 156, 199, 242, 283, 451, 508; forbidden during Pentecost, 158, 198; forbidden during pregnancy, 91, 92, 156-57, 199, 342, 451-53, 508; forbid­den on Saturdays, 157; forbidden on Sundays, 92, 157, 199; forbidden on Wednesdays, 157; foreplay, 302, 451, 508, 519, 566; frequency of, 159-60, 240; and gluttony, 103, 349, 366; and grace, 366, 503; and guilt, 8-9, 15; and heresy, 186, 216, 399; horror of, 8, 21, 63, 64, 174, 186, 215-16, 503-504, 507, 591; immorality of, 13, 182-83, 246; and intimacy, 5, 7, 194, 197, 352; and law, 594, 608-17; and love, 16, 20-21, 138, 197, 300, 448, 590; marital, 22, 51-53, 60-61, 67, 74, 75, 86, 89-93, 98, 13θ, 135-40, 154-64, 194-99, 235-38, 240-42, 278-88, 300, 364-69, 415, 447-53, 5O3-5O9> 552-53, 555-57, 565-θ7; medical views of, 287-88, 301, 421, 450-51; as motive for marriage, 279; natural, 421, 555; and natural law, 261, 279, 423, 448; a nuisance, 424; offenses, 246-51; papal declarations about, 5, 589-91; in Paradise, 62, 83-84, 240, 262, 421-22; in penitentials, 152-69, 225; periodic restrictions on, 67, 69-70, 86, 91, 136, i39> 155-θ1, 198-99, 225, 242, 367­68, 415, 581; in pictures, 110; and plea­sure, 8, 53, 67, 82-83, 84, 89, 90, 93, 98, 108, 138, 139, 154-55, 234-35, 240-41, 261, 424, 429, 574, 580; and procreation, 5, 16, 17, 21, 22, 51, 52­53, 62, 66, 80, 86, 89-90, 92-93, 138, 139, 175, 182, 197, 240, 255, 260, 261, 280, 352, 429, 448-49, 451, 555-57, 566, 574-75, 580; promiscuous, 351; and reason, 21, 421-22, 424; regula­tion of, 1, 4, 28, 49; with servants, 104, 298; and shame, 6-7, 15, 84, 424; and sin, 7-9, 21, 51, 59, 62-63, 82, 84, 86, 89, 182, 214, 246, 281, 283, 285, 301, 349, 364, 421-22, 429, 448-49, 45i> 5θ3-5θ5, 507-509; with slaves, 43, 54, 71, 104, 130, 132; and social order, 1, 10, 49-50, 113-14, 152, 490, 549- 552, 574; in songs, 204; as symbol of love, 590; techniques, 451; in theater, 32, 110, 204, 302; unclean, 81, 89, 135-36, 194, 246, 503-504, 507, 553, 556; un­controllable, 80-81, 152; unnatural, 108, 121-22, 149, 207, 212-14, 225, 226, 241, 247, 251, 295, 356, 398, 453, 473-74, 533-36, 612. See also Celi­bacy; Coital positions; Fellatio; Im­purity, sexual; Intercourse; Marriage; Pleasure; Prostitutes; Prostitution;

Sex (continued)

Purity; Virtues and vices; Women Sextus (stoic writer), 65, go

Shammai, School of, 53

Sicard (bp. of Cremona), 266, 279, 297­98, 314, 319

Sicily, 394, 442, 47θ

Siena, 473

Sigismund, emperor, 527

Silvester (nephew of Arnulf of Lixieux),

3¹5

Simon, William, 589

Simon of Bisignano, 257, 281, 294, 310

Simon of Southwell, 259

Simone da Borsano, 543

Sin, 21; against nature, 534; occasions of, 302; origin of, 83-84; reserved, 214, 473, 535; trivial (minuta peccata), 241, 503. See also Sex, and sin

Siricius, pope, St., 111-12

Slaves, 14, 24, 27, 29, 31, 35, 43, 45, 99, 130, 577; emancipation of, 35, 46; mar­riage of, 31-32, 36, 71, 87, 196; pros­titution of, 14, 45, 46, 106; rape by, 119; sexual abuse of, 49; torture of, 132. See also Contubernium-, Sex, with slaves

Smalley, Beryl, 331-32

Societas, 355

Sodom, 57, 122, 533

Sodomy, 6, 27, 131, 149, 166-67, 213, 313, 387, 399, 455, 472-73, 493, 533­35, 548, 571, 593, 595, 612-13. See also Homosexuality; Intercourse, anal

Soldiers: excluded from Church, 73; wills of, 46

Solet frequenter, 336

Solon, 13

Song of Songs, 52

Sorcery, 131, 145, 290, 291, 512. See also Impotence and frigidity: relative, temporary

South Carolina, 609-10

Southwark, 523, 528

Spain, 176, 195, 390, 392, 404, 445, 462, 465, 488, 574

Sparta, 14

Sponsors, baptismal. See Godparents Statuta ecclesiae antiqua, 92

Stephen (count of Aquitaine), 145

Stephen (bp. of Tournai), 258, 265, 267, 29θ, 3⁰3> 3¹², 3¹4, 3¹θ, 3²²

Sterility, 164, 281; grounds for divorce, 201. See also Impotence and frigidity

Stewside, 523

Stoicism, 1, 18-21, 82, 287, 421, 577, 59²

Stoics, 18-21, 28, 60, 65, 67, 72, 82, 84-85, 9°, ¹38

Stowe glosses, 322

Stuprum, 29-32, 40, 44, 49, 304, 383-84, 386; action for, 484. See also Adultery; Fornication

Stuttgart, 264

Sudbury, 481

Summa Astensis, 451

Summa Cantahrigiensis, 293-94

Summa Coloniensis. See Summa “Ele­gantius in iure diuino”

Summa conservationis. See William of Saliceto

Summa “De multiplici iuris diuisione,” ²58

Summa decretalium questionum, 259

Summa Duacensis. See Summa “Induent sancti”

Summa “Elegantius in iure diuino,” 259, 267, SM, 318

Summa “Et est sciendum,” 258

Summa “Induent sancti," 348

Summa "Inperatorie maiestati,” 258

Summa “Omnis qui iuste iudicat,” 258

Summa Parisiensis, 258, 265, 291, 293, 297, 307, 3iθ, 317

Summa “Prima primi,” 351-52

Swmma “Tractaturus magister,” 258

Sumptuary laws, 47, 68, 72, 440, 468-69, 476, 524-25, 549

Super eo vero, 336

Sweden, 474

Sylvestrina, 508, 520

Symbols: dusk/intercourse, 136; husband and wife/Christ and the Church, 74, 279, 35¹> 427, 581; matrimonial bed/ conjugal sex, 415; phallic, 8; sex/love, 590

Symmachus, pope, 73

Synods: Avignon, 525; Bourges (1031), 20i, 218; Gerona (1078), 206, 218-19; Nantes (1386), 501; Orleans (538), 91; Pavia (1022), 218; Rome (863), 145, 218; (1063), 251; (1074), 219; (1079), 221; Salisbury (1217 ~ 1219), 381; 2 Winchester (1247?), 459; Whitby (664), 134. See also Councils

Tacitus, 127

Tametsi, 563-65, 572

Tancred (decretalist), 327, 328, 351, 352, 355, 361, 365, 37^o> 37θ, 4°θ> 412-13

Tarascon, 526

Tarragona, 440

Tarsus, 60

Tartagni, Alessandro, 519

Taverns, 45, 387, 440, 464, 525. See also Drunkenness

Templars, 403, 472-73 Teruel, Pueros of, 462

Testicles, 301, 349, 457 Tertullian, 64, 68

Testimony. See Courts, canonical: proce­dures; Witnesses

Teutberga, queen, 144-45 Teutonic Knights, 401, 472-73

Texas, 610

Theft: by concubines, 43; from prosti­tutes, 46

Theodora, empress, 47, 120-21 Theodore of Tarsus (abp. of Canterbury),

164, 165

Theodosian Code, 173

Theodosius I, emperor, 107, 108 Theodosius II, emperor, 96, 103, 105,

106, 110. See also Codex Theodosianus Theologians, 7, 267

Theology, 79; and canon law, 233, 347; of sex, 82, 89-93, 137

Theuderic II, king, 148

Thomas Aquinas. See Aquinas, Thomas, St.

Thomas of Chobham, 221, 349, 368-69, 372-73, 375= 381, 388, 390, 393, 396, 400-402, 405

Tiberius, 30 Tisserand, Jean, 529

Todi, 525, 534 Tommaso de Vio. See Cajetan, cardinal

Tomulescu, C. S., 118

Torah, 108

Torrelli, Jacques, 524

Tortosa, 473

Tournai, 537. See also Stephen (bp. of

Tournai)

Tours, 171

Traditio, 262, 266-68, 547

Transvestitism, 57, 213, 251, 314, 473, 537= 571; holy, 108

Treatise De ortu coniugii: “Sacramentum

Coniugii non ab homine," 264, 303

Treatise “In primis hominibus," 263-64, 289, 292, 294, 308

Treviso, 418

Tribonian, 113

Troyes, 501

Tun (London prison), 529

Turks, 488

Tuscany, 178, 497, 540

Tutors: forbidden to marry wards, 37, 42

Uba-aner, 12

Ulpian (Roman jurist), 34, 35, 40, 46, 47, 48, 5°

Ulrich (bp. of Imola), 221

Ulster, 593

United States, 585, 608-17; Supreme Court of, 610

Universities, 256, 337, 346-48, 418, 489, 578

Urban II, pope, 209, 219, 269

Urbanization, 176-77, 227

Utrecht, 470

Vacarius, 262, 266-68, 27c)

Vagina, 456, 458, 505; vagina dentata, 467

Vaginismus, 458, 591

Valentinian I, emperor, 102

Valentinian II, emperor, 105, 108

VaIentinian III, emperor, 96, 103, 105

Valladolid, 418

Vectigalia meretricum, 25

Venice, 176, 463, 465, 491, 493, 522, 525, 527> 53 54°

Widows, 37, 38, 68, 97-98, 120, 142, 204, 407-408, 438, 445, 477, 514, 518, 54^o> 542

Wife: criminal diversion of, 471; legiti­mate, 24, 41, 54; refuses sex with hus­band, 10, 504, 507, 559

Wife of Bath, 496

William I, the Conqueror (king of En­gland), 198

William IX (count of Provence, duke of Aquitaine), 184, 302

William (twelfth-century moralist), 197

William Durand (bp. of Mende). See

Durand, William

William of Nogaret, 473

William of Pagula, 427, 430, 449, 456, 462, 484

William of Saliceto, 450, 472 Witnesses, 39, 253, 319, 344, 410-11,

416, 457, 512, 516, 546, 564

Women, 64, 85-86, 100, 324, 560-61; biology of, 426, 434; devil’s door, 64; disinherited, 533; Germanic, 127; in­cite men to murder, 428; inferior to men, 425-28; initiate divorce actions, 411; invented sexual deviance, 533-34; legal disabilities of, 484-85; modesty of, 426-28; protection of, from spend­thrift husbands, 542; segregated from men, 52, 428; sexuality of, 246, 255, 30L 350-51. 386, 426-28, 433, 492, 548-49, 580, 591; shy, 426; as sources of sexual corruption, 64-65, 100; status of, marginalized, 227; subject to men, 255, 425-26, 447-48; testimony of, 253> 411; victims of sexual assault, 53^0-3i∙ See also Anatomy and physiol­ogy; Concubines; Equality, of men and women; Marriage; Prostitutes; Rape; Sex

Wood, Richard, 460 Worcester, 481 Worcestershire, 445 Wurzburg, bp. of, 151 Wyclif, John, 488

York, 467

Zacharias, pope, 151 Zambia, 7

Zasius, Ulrich, 541 Zeno (stoic philosopher), 19-21 Zeno, emperor, 103

Zonah, 55 Zurich, 468, 553

Zwingli, Ulrich, 552-54, 557, 559