Contents

List of Figures page vii

List of Tables ix

Preface and Acknowledgments xi

Part I The Origins OfRepresentative Institutions: Power, Land, and Courts 1

1 Introduction: From Roving to Stationary Judges 3

2 A Theory of Institutional Emergence: Regularity,

Functional Layering, and the Origins of Parliament 28

3 Explaining Functional Layering and Institutional Fusion:

The Role of Power 59

Part II The Origins of Representative Practice: Power, Obligation, and Taxation 85

4 Taxation and Representative Practice: Bargaining vs.

Compellence 87

5 Variations in Representative Practice: “Absolutist” France

and Castile 105

6 No Taxation of Elites, No Representative Institutions 130

Part III Trade, Towns, and the Political Economy of Representation 151

7 Courts, Institutions, and Cities: Low Countries and Italy 153

8 Courts, Institutions, and Territory: Catalonia 180

9 The Endogeneity of Trade: The English Wool Trade and

the Castilian Mesta 195

Part IV Land, Conditionality, and Property Rights 205

10 Power, Land, and Second-Best Constitutionalism:

Central and Northern Europe 207

11 Conditional Land Law, Property Rights, and

“Sultanism”: Premodern English and Ottoman Land Regimes 231

12 Land, Tenure, and Assemblies: Russia in the Sixteenth

and Seventeenth Centuries 252

Part V Why Representation in the West: Petitions, Collective Responsibility, and Supra-Local Organization 273

13 Petitions, Collective Responsibility, and Representative

Practice: England, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire 275

14 Conclusion 302

Bibliography 319

Index 381

Figures

1.1 The English pathway to representative emergence page 21

1.2 Variationofcasesonkeydimensions 23

2.1 Meeting frequency per decade of the English Parliament,

English Parliament sessions granting taxation, French Estates-General, and Paris Parlement 46

2.2 NumberofFrenchEstates-Generalbypurpose, 1302-1399

(total meetings: 22) 46

2.3 Surviving petitions and parliamentary frequency, England,

1270-1399 54

3.1 Judicial structure of medieval England 76

4.1 Real per capita taxation (£), 1700=100, average per decade,

1130-1339 95

4.2 Average annual fines for wardships and consents to marry,

1154-1216, adjusted for inflation, in pounds 96

4.3 Distribution of article claims in Magna Carta 97

4.4 Number of English meetings with knights and burgesses

present 103

5.1 Frequency of English Parliament and French Estates-

General per decade, 1210-1699 108

5.2 Frequency of English and French assemblies per decade,

1300-1349 114

5.3 NumberofmeetingsinLeon-Castile, per decade, 1180-1559 118

5.4 Meetings in Leon-Castile, per decade, and maximum towns

represented, 1180-1559 119

6.1 Number of troops raised, England and France, per thousand

of population, 1200s-1700s 143

6.2 Real English taxation per capita (1154-1689), in 1700 £ 145

6.3 Real English per capita growth rates for taxation and GDP,

1154-1689 146

6.4 Ratio of English per capita taxation to per capita GDP,

1130-1689 147

6.5 EnglishandFrenchpercapitawarrevenue, 1202/3,

1210-1214 147

6.6 English and French per capita taxation, in livres tournois,

1202-1336 148

6.7 English and French per capita taxation, in livres tournois,

1337-1498 149

8.1 Comparative frequency of parliamentary meetings, England,

Aragon, and Catalonia per decade, 1200-1329 182

8.2 PurposesofCatalan Corts meetings, 1060-1327 186

8.3 Presence of nobles and townsmen and taxes raised in the

Corts of Catalonia 192

9.1 Direct taxation and customs in England, in £, 1168-1482 198

10.1 Hungarian trajectory, 1301-1526 215

Tables

3.1 Number of nobles in the English Parliament page 64

3.2 Recorded (i.e. minimum) noble attendance at the king’s