CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Part I. The Papal Revolution and the

Canon Law

1. The Background of the Western Legal

Tradition: The Folklaw 49

2. The Origin of the Western Legal Tradition

in the Papal Revolution 85

3.

the European Universities 120

4. Theological Sources of the Western Legal

Tradition 165

5. Canon Law: The First Modern Western

Legal System 199

6. Structural Elements of the System of

Canon Law ₂₂₅

7. Becket versus Henry II: The Competition

of Concurrent Jurisdictions 255

Part II. The Formation of Secular

Legal Systems

8. The Concept of Secular Law 273

9. Feudal Law 295

10. Manorial Law 316

11. Mercantile Law 333

12. Urban Law 357

13. Royal Law: Sicily, England, Normandy,

France 404

14. Royal Law: Germany, Spain, Flanders,

Hungary, Denmark 482

Conclusion 520

-ix-

Abbreviations 560

Notes 561

Acknowledgments

636

Index 637

Maps and Figures

Map 1. Western Europe circa 1050 81

Map 2. Western Europe circa 1200 117

Map 3. Cities and towns of Western Europe circa 1250 365

Figure 1. Structure of the Western church-state, 1100-1500 210

Figure 2. Canon law, urban law, royal law, and feudal law,

mid eleventh to late thirteenth centuries 522