Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Research Question and Research Goals
1.2 Status Quaestionis
1.3 Methodology and Heuristics
References
2 The Legal and Institutional Framework of Slavery
2.1 Defining Slavery in International Law
2.2 Slavery in Europe—From Antiquity to the End of the Middle Ages (Ca. 1500)
2.2.1 Legitimising Slavery Before the Atlantic Slave Trade: Between Aristotle and the Romans
2.2.2 Institutional Realities: From Slavery to Serfdom in Medieval Europe
2.2.3 Conclusion: Slavery in Europe at the End of the Middle Ages: Legally Justified but Institutionally Marginalised
2.3 The Continued Legality of Slavery: Europe’s Atlantic Endeavours in the Early Modern Era
2.3.1 Legitimising Slavery During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Continuity from Beginning to End
2.3.2 The Slave Laws of the European Colonisers
2.4 Conclusion: Slavery as a Sempiternal Institution
References
3 The Development of a Legal Freedom Principle, Ca. 1500–1650
3.1 Introduction
3.2 England: End of Domestic Unfreedom, No Clear Freedom Principle
3.2.1 The Final End of English Villeinage and the Favor Libertatis of the Common Law
3.2.2 Slavery and the English Legal Order in the Sixteenth Century: Vagrants, Cartwright and the Tudor Galleys
3.2.3 Conclusion: The English Legal Order at the Dawn of Black Slavery: Freedom for Englishmen, or for Every Men?
3.3 France: From a Municipal to a National Freedom Principle
3.3.1 Serfdom: Decline, Persistency and an Anachronistic Édit Royal
3.3.2 Local Origins: French Municipal Freedom
3.3.3 From Municipality to Country: The Development of a National Freedom Principle
3.3.4 Conclusion: The French Legal Order at the Dawn of Black Slavery: French Freedom as a National Principle
3.4 Low Countries: Developing the Freedom Principle Along French Lines: From Antwerp to the XVII Provinces
3.4.1 The Decline of Serfdom in the Low Countries
3.4.2 “City Air Makes Free”: Cities and the Decline of Serfdom
3.4.3 The Low Countries: The Development of a National Freedom Tradition: Theoretically Created, Practically Ignored
3.4.4 Ignoring the Precedent: Antwerp and Middelburg
3.4.5 Conclusion: The Legal Order of the XVII Provinces at the Dawn of Black Slavery: Limited Precedent, Extended Freedom Principle
References
4 England Ca. 1650–1800: Neither Emancipated nor Fully Enslaved
4.1 Introduction
4.2 England: Neither Emancipated nor Fully Enslaved
4.2.1 The Historiography of Black Slavery in England
4.2.2 Early Encounters: A (not so) Confused State of Slavery Before Somerset?
4.2.3Somerset’s Case: High Expectations, Limited Judgment
4.2.4 After Somerset: The End ofde Facto andde Jure Slavery in England
4.3 Conclusion
References
5 Strains on French Freedom: Turks and Nègres in Metropolitan France
5.1 French Galley Slavery: An Unexplored Exception to the French Freedom Principle?
5.1.1 Louis XIV’s Galley Fleet
5.1.2 Turks and the Freedom Principle: An Unspoken Exception?
5.2 Black Slaves in France: The Freedom Principle Versus Slavery, Paris Versus the Atlantic
5.2.1 The Historiography of Black Slavery in France
5.2.2 The Earliest Cases: Upholding the French Freedom Principle
5.2.3 The Edict of 1716: First Limitations to the French Freedom Principle
5.2.4 Conclusion
References
6 The United Provinces: Abandoning the Freedom Principle Sub Silentio(?)
6.1 The Historiography of Black Slavery in the United Provinces
6.2 Pre-1776: Mixed Outcomes(?)
6.3 Regulating Slavery in the Metropolis: The Placaet of 1776
6.3.1 Jan Nepveu’s Request: Does the Metropolitan Soil Render Free?
6.3.2 Liberty Is Good, but Property Rights Are Better: The Placaet of 1776
6.3.3 Enforcing the Placaet of 1776
6.4 Black Slavery in the United Provinces After the Batavian Revolution: Unexplored and Unproblematic?
6.4.1 The Batavian Republic and the Kingdom of Holland: Unclear Situation
6.4.2 Codifying the Dutch Freedom Principle: The Dutch Civil Code of 1838
6.4.3 The Road to Abolition: The Case of the Slave Virginie
6.5 Conclusion
6.6 The Southern Netherlands: A Tradition Largely Untested
References
7 A Legal Comparison of the Freedom Principle—Similarities and Differences
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Legal Origins of the Freedom Principle
7.3 The Freedom Principle and the Atlantic Slave Trade
7.3.1 The Reaction of the Legislators
7.3.2 The Reaction of the Courts
7.3.3 Other Differences and Similarities
7.3.4 Law in Books Versus Law in Society
References
8 General Conclusion—The Soil of Europe: Free or Unfree?