Bibliographical Note

i. Specific bibliography on the common law is both endless and quite lim­ited. And this is not a paradox.

It is quite limited because few works have directly posed the problem of understanding the internal dynamics of the ius commune (the Htrumque ius) or the dynamics of the systematic relationships between the ius commune and the ius proprium.

In the last fifty years alone, there have been a number of bibliographical surveys (even recent ones) that may be of use although they concern studies in the general history of jurisprudence rather than the ius commune in par­ticular.

They are: Bruno Paradisi, ^tcGli studi di storia del diritto italiano dal 1896 al 1946” (1946—47), “I nuovi orizzonti della storia giuridica” (1950—52), and ^wIndirizzi e problem! della piu recente Storiografia giuridica italiana” (1963­71), all now available in Paradisi, Apologia della Storiagiuridica (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1973); Ennio Cortese, “Storia del diritto italiano,” in Cinquanta anni di CSperienzagiuridica in Italia_y Atti del Congresso di Taormina, 3—8 Novem­ber 1981 (Milan: GiufFre, 1982), 785—858; Adriano Cavanna, Lastoria del diritto moderno (secoliXVI-XVIΠ) Uellapiurecentestoriografiaitaliana (Milan: Giuf- fre, 1983).

2. For guides to the history of the ius commune in particular, there is biblio­graphical information (not recent, however) in Giuseppe Ermini, Corso di diritto comune_y 3d ed. (Milan: Giuffre, 1952), vol. ι, Genesi ed evoluzione storica: Elementi costitutivi: Fonti_y xi and 123—41.

It should be noted that the most important turning point in the history of the ius commune in this century occurred in 1934 with the publication of Francesco Calasso, “Il concetto di diritto comune,” published along with later essays in Calasso, Introduzione al diritto comune (Milan: Giuffre, 1951). Other studies by Calasso on specific topics are republished in Calasso, Stori- citd del diritto, ed. Piero Fiorelli (Milan: Giuffre, 1966), 201—337. Finally, Ca- lasso’s Medio Evo del diritto (Milan: Giuffre, 1954), vol. ι, Le fonti_y is still a fundamental resource, particularly 345-629.

Another broad summary with a different (and less fertile) approach is Paul Koschaker, Europa und das romische Recht_y 3d ed. (Munich: Beck, 1958), in Italian translation as L^,Europa e U diritto romano (Florence: G. C. Sansoni, 1962), intro. Francesco Calasso, trans. Arnaldo Biscardi.

Other works that might be consulted are: Enrico Besta, Fonti: Legislazione e Scienzagiuridica_y 2 vols., in Storia del diritto italiano_y ed. Pasquale Del Giu- dice (Milan: Hoepli, 1923—25); reprint (Frankfurt am Main: Saur und Auver- mann KG, and Florence: O.

There are two works that concentrate on the ius commune_y but both their approach and their information is out of date, hence they are of limited use: Giuseppe Ermini, Corso di diritto comune, 3d ed. (Milan: Giuffre, 1952), vol. ι, Genesi ed evoluzione storica: Elementi costitutivi: Fonti_y Giovanni Cassandro, Lezioni di diritto comune (Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1974).

Riccardo Orestano, Introduzione allo studio del diritto romano (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1987) is overly theoretical and reliant on preconceptions. Alan Wat­son, The Making of the Civil Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981) is misleading, unreliable, and confused, and it is difficult to see why the work should ever have been translated into Italian: Watson, La formazione del diritto civile, trans. Nicoletta Sarti (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1986). On this work, see the strongly negative review by Paolo Grossi, Quaderni Fiorentini 17 (1988): 483.

Eltjo J. H. Schrage and Jean H. Dondorp, UtrumqueIus: EineEinfiihrung in das Studium der Quellen des Wittelalterlichengelehrten Rechts (Schriften zur europaischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte, 8; Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1992), has lacunae in its information and is lacking in ideas.

Bartolome Clavero, Derecho comun, Temas de Historia del Derecho (Se­ville: Secretariado de publicacciones de la Universidad, 1977) gives a brief summary of the ius commune. The problems are better selected in Adriana Campitelli, Europeenses: Presupposti storici e genesi del diritto comune (Bari: Ca- cucci, 1990).

3. Works that belong only partially to the literature on the ius commune despite their titles are Arrigo Solmi, Contributi alia storia del diritto comune (Rome: Societa editrice del “Foro italiano,” 1937); Giuseppe Ermini, Scritti di diritto comune, ed. Danilo Segoloni, 2 vols. (Padua: CEDAM, 1976, and Perugia: Libreria editrice universitaria, 1980).

There are several collections of studies of great importance for a specific approach to the ius commune-. Eduard Maurits Meijers, Etudes d^,histoire du droit, ed. Robert Feenstra and H. F. W. D. Fischer, 3 vols. (Leiden: Universi- taire Pers Leiden, 1956—59), vol. 3, Le droit remain au Moyen Age-, Stephan Kuttner, Gratian and the Schools of Law: 114a-1234 (Aidershot: Variorum Re­prints, 1993); Kuttner, The History of Ideas and Doctrines of Canon Law in the MiddkAges, 2d ed. (Aidershot: Variorum Reprints, 1992); Kuttner, Medieval Councils, Decretals and Collections of Canon Law: SelectedEssays, 2d ed. (Aider­shot: Variorum Reprints, 1992); Kuttner, Studies in the History OfMedieval Canon Law (Aidershot: Variorum Reprints, 1990); Brian Tierney, Church Law and Constitutional Thought in the Middle Ages (London: Variorum Re­prints, 1979); Jean Gaudemet, La formation du droit canonique medieval (Lon­don: Variorum Reprints, 1980); Andre Gouron, La science du droit dans Ie Midi de la France au Moyen Age (London: Variorum Reprints, 1984).

There are a number of Acts of colloquia, conferences, and workshops that refer directly or indirectly to the ius commune. The more important of these are: Bartolo da Sassoferrato: Studi e Aocumenti per U VI Centenario, Atti del Congresso di Perugia 1—5 April 1959, 2 vols. (Milan: Giuffre, 1962); Atti del Convegno Intemazionale di studi accursiani, Bologna 21—26 October 1963, ed. Guido Rossi, 3 vols. (Milan: Giuffre, 1968); Confluence des droits savants et des pratiques Juridiques, Actes du Colloque de Montpellier 12—14 December 1977 (Milan: Giuffre, 1979); Diritto comune e diritti locali nella storia dell^,Europa, Atti del Convegno di Varenna 12-15 June 1979 (Milan: Giuffre, 1980); Il di­ritto comune e la tradizionegiuridica europea, Atti del convegno di studi, ed.

Danilo Segoloni (Perugia: Libreria universitaria, 1980, distribution Rimini: Maggioli); Scuole diritto e societd nel Mezzogiomo medievale d^,Italia, the Acts of a ^wSettimana di lavori” on the topic ^wCultura giuridica e Circolazione li­braria nel Mezzogiomo medievale d’Italia,” Erice 23—30 October 1983 (Studi e ricerche dei ^wQuaderni Catanesi,” 7—8), ed. Manlio Bellomo, 2 vols. (Catania: Tringale, 1985—87); Espana y Europa: Un pasado juridico comun, Actas del I Simposio Intemacional del Institute de Derecho Comun, Murcia 26-28 March 1985, ed. Antonio Perez Martin (Murcia: Instituto de Derecho Comun, Universidad de Murcia, 1986).

4. Reviews that focus on the ius commune are, for civil law: Ius Commune, Frankfurt am Main, 1 (1967), founded by Helmut Coing and now directed by Dieter Simon and Walter Wilhelm. For canon law, Zeitschrift der Savigny- StiftungJurRechtsgeschichte, KanonistischeAbteilung, founded by Ulrich Stutz and now directed by Theo Mayer-Maly, Dieter Nδrr, Wolfgang Waldstein, AdolfLaufs, Wemer Ogris, Martin Heckel, Paul Mikat, and Knut Wolfgang Nδrr; Studia Gratiana 1 (1954), founded'and directed by Giuseppe Forchielli and Alfonso Maria Stickler, after 1972 directed by Stickler alone; Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law, n.

5. For fundamental resources and an introduction to research in the doc­trinal sources of the ius commune, see: Stephan Kuttner, Repertorium der Ka- nonistik (1140-1234) (Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1937, re­print 1973); Gero Dolezalek and Hans van de Wouw, Verzeichnis der Handschriften zum romischen Recht bis 1600,4 vols. (Frankfurt am Main: Max- Planck- Institut fair europaische Rechtsgeschichte, 1972); Gero Dolezalek and Laurent Mayali, Repertorium manuscriptorum veterum Codicis Iustiniani, 2 vols. (Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann, 1985).

Today an extremely rich range of microfilms of doctrinal sources is avail­able to the scholar interested in specific topics. For canonistic doctrine and the Vatican manuscripts in particular there is the collection at the Institute of Medieval Canon Law at the University of California, Berkeley (Stephan Kuttner, emeritus director)that was moved to Munich (Germany) under the directorship of Peter Landau; for civil law doctrine (and some canon law manuscripts) there is the collection of the Max-Planck-Institut fur euro­paische Rechtsgeschichte in Frankfurt am Main, founded by Helmut Coing and directed by Dieter Simon and Michael Stolleis. There are also collections at the Istituto di Storia del Diritto Italiano directed by Antonio Padoa Schioppa, Universita Statale, Milan, and connected with the Seminario Giu- ridico, a section of Storia del Diritto ItaIiano e di Diritto Comune, director Manlio Bellomo, Catania, Universita di Catania, which has a particularly ex­tensive collection of microfilms not only of manuscripts but also of incuna­bula of civil and canon law.

Accursius, 96,133,147,148,169-74,175,

179—80,187, 212, 215, 216 Adalberon, bishop of Laon, 55,56 Additiones, in, 146—47,148,177; Additi­

ones Carpenses, 87 Aequitas. See Equity Africa, 203, 225-26, 229, 232 Agustin, Antonio, 206 Aistulf, king of the Lombards, 42 Aix-en-Provence, 105 Alamannia, 107-9. See also Germany Alaric, king of Visigothic Spain, 35, 37 Alberico of Porta Ravegnana (Albericus de Porta Ravennata), 117,130 Albertus Odofredi, 184 Albornoz, Egidio (Gil Alvarez Carrillo

de Albomoz), cardinal, 87 Alcala de Henares, 98, ιoι, 230 Alciato, Andrea, 209-10, 214-15 Alcuin of York, 48 Alexandria, 37 Alfonso V (the Magnanimous), king of

Aragon and Sicily, 91

Alfonso X (the Wise), king of Leon and Castile, 99—100

Allegationes, 154, 214 Allgemeines-. burgerliches Gesetzbuch, 9,

10; Gesetz uber Verbrechen und dersel- ben Bestrafitng, 3—4; Landrecht fur die Preussischen Staaten, 4

Amalfi, 60, 88 Amedeo VI, count of Savoy, 86 Amedeo VIII, duke of Savoy, 86,106 Amerbach, Bonifacius, 206 Americas, 203, 225-26, 229, 230-32, 232

Amiens, 103

Ancien coutumier de Champagne, 105

Ancona, 35

Andalusia, 99

Andrea of Bari, 89

Andreas Tiraquellus. See Tiraqueau, An­dre (Andreas Tiraquellus)

Anjou, 102,103,105

Ansaldi, Ansaldo degli, 222

Anselm of Laon, 182

Anselm of Liege (Liittich), 67

Anselm of Lucca, 67

Antonius Faber. See Favre, Antoine (An­tonius Faber)

Aosta, 86

Apostillae, 177

Apparatus, 74, no, 132-33,135,143,146, 147, 167, 168, 169, 170—77, passim

Aquarone, Alberto, 26

Aragon, 98,178

Arborea, 87-88

Arevalo, Bernardino, 231

Arezzo, 54,116,117

Argumentation, 12, 64,142,144,154,181, 185, 211. See also Modus, modi arguendi

Ariano di Puglia (Ariano Irpino), 93

Aristotle, 57,100,144,154,178,181,182; “Aristotle Major,” 144,178

Arles, 35,105,106

Arndts, Karl Ludwig, von Arnesberg, 19

Arts, the liberal, 48,112

Ascarelli, Tullio, 2

Aspelcueta, Martin (Doctor Navarms),

230

Assisae of Roger II, 89, 93

Asturias, 98

Atours, 103

Authenticum, Authenticae, 38, 62, 63 Augsburg, 107

Austria, 3-4, 9,10,14,106-7

Avignon, 73,105

Avila, 98

Azo, 96, no, 130,133,134,144,167-69,

171,172,173,174, 212, 216

Baden-Wiirttemberg, 107

Bagelardo, 52

Baldovini, Jacopo (Jacobus Balduini),

127,130,174

Baldus de Ubaldis, 193, 215, 217 Barcelona, 99

Bari, 88, 89

Bartolists, 210-n, 217, 223, 224

Bartolomeo of Brescia (Bartolomeus

Brixiensis), 176

Bartolomeo of Saliceto, 147

Bartolus of Saxoferrato, 136,147,184,

190—95, 201—2, 204, 210, 212, 215,216, 217, 220, 223, 224

Basel, 219; Cotmcil of, 177

Bassianus, Johannes, 130,167,172 Bavaria, 107

Beaumanoir, Philippe de, 104,109

Beauvais, 103

Belleperche, Pierre de (Petrus de Bella- pertica), 182,187,217

Benedetto of Isernia, 130,174

Benedictus Levita, 49

Benevento, 42

Berlin, 16

Bernard, St., 52,114,196

Bernard of Pavia, 69, 71, 73

Bemardus Parmensis. See Bottoni, Ber­nardo (Bemardus Parmensis) Bemardus Doma, 144

Berthold, prince of Zahringen, 107 Berytus (Beimt), 37

Besanςon, 105

Bills, 26—27

Biondo, Flavio, 209

Boethius, 100

Bohemia, 107,108

Bologna, 58, 59, 60, 66, 69, 82, 84, 85,

94-95,106,109-10, ∏3-14, ∏6,117-

20,121-22,123,136,138,167,174,197, 200, 209, 218

Bolognini, Ludovico, 209 Boncompagno of Signa, 85 Bonello, Andrea, da Barletta, 151 Bonfiglio, 52

Boniface VIII, pope, 72-74,145,176,177,

197

Books, 62-64,121,126,131,132,142—43,

147,174, 215

Bordeaux, 103

Bottoni, Bemardo (Bernardus Par­

mensis), 176

Brandenburg, 108

Bremen, 107

Breslau, 108

Brevarium extravangantium, 68-69, 71 Breve, brevia, 84

Brinz, Alois von, 19

British Isles. See Great Britain

Brittany, 102,103

Brunellus, 114,196

Bmssels, 107

Bude, Guillaume (Guillelmus Budeus),

207

Bulgams, 84,112,130,139,167,172 Burchard of Biberach, 60, 62

Burchard of Worms, 48

Burckhardt, Jakob, 194-95

Burgerliches Gesetzbuch (B.G.B.), 24—25 Burgos, 100

Burgundy, 102,103

Buttrigarius, Jacobus, Junior, 188 Buttrigarius, Jacobus, the Elder, 217 Byzantium. See Constantinople

Caesarea, 37

Cagliari, 87

Calasso, Francesco, 94

Calvin, John, 224, 226, 229

Camaldoli, 52; Camaldolese order, 163 Cambridge, 123

Cano, Melchior, 230

Canon law, 10, 65-68, 71-74, 76,106,

140,146,154,175—77. See also Corpus iuris canonici', Decretum

Canons, 48

Capacity, juridical, 6-7, 8. See also Sub­ject, juridical

Capitalistic system, 198-99 Capitulare italicum, 52

Capitularies {capitula, capitularia), 44,

53, 91,156

Carbonito, Tommaso di, 210-n Carinthia, 107

Carolingian laws, 53, 83,156 Carolus Molineus. See Dumoulin,

Charles (Carolus Molineus) Carpzov, Benedikt, 222 Carta-, consultatus, 105; de Iogu de Ar­

borea, 87-88

Casaregi, Giuseppe Maria, 222 Casimir III (the Great), king of Poland, no

Cassiodorus, Flavius Magnus Aurehus,

35

Castile, 98,178; and Leon, 80, 99-100, IOI

Casus legis, 140 n.17,141,185 Catalonia, 99, 221 Catania, 88, 92,122,123 Cathedral centers, 49 “Certainty,” 4, 8, 64, 68, 72 Chambery, 106 Chappuis, Jean, 73-74 Charlemagne, king of the Franks, Em­peror of the West, 42, 43—44, 48, 96 Charles I, king of Naples and Sicily

(Charles I of Anjou), 91,106

Charles ΓV, Holy Roman emperor, 108, IIO

Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 225,

230

Charles Albert of Savoy, king of Sar­dinia-Piedmont, 10

Charles Emmanuel III, duke of Savoy, 2 Chartes-. de communes, 103; de consulats, 103; de franchises, 103

Church, Roman Catholic, 51, 75-77,157, 197, 229; reform movements in, 51, 163, 224, 229, 231

Cicero, Marcus TuUius, 134 Cinus ofPistoia (Cino Sighibuldi), 76,

147,178, 184,186-90,191,192, 211 Citeaux, 52

Cities and towns, 57-58, 83, 91-92,107; legislation by, 72, 85,105,107-8,124, 151, 206. See also Statutes

Civil law: codes of, 3,4, 9,10. See also

Codes, codification; Corpus iuris civilis Claro, Giulio, 222 Clement V, pope, 73, 74,197 Clementinae (Decretales Clementinae), 73,

74,140 n.17,145,175,177,197

Clermont, count of, 104

Cluny, 51

Coccejus, Samuel von, 4

Code: Albertine, 10; Feudal (Venice), 3; Leopoldine, 3; for the Venetian Mer­cantile Marine, 3. See also Allgemeines: biirgerliches Gesetzbuch -, Burgerliches Gesetzbuch (B.G.B.)-, Codex iuris ca­nonici-, “Codex Theresianum”; Codice-, Landrecht-, “Laws and Constitu­tions”; “Rules of Civil Procedure” (Civilgenchtsordnung)

Code: civil, 7—9,14; destruction crimi­ne lie, 9; de commerce, 9; de procedure, 9; penal, 9

Code (Codex), 24, 38,40, 53, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 99,128,133,136,147,168,172,

181.190, 217

Code, Theodosian (Codex Theodosianus), 34, 36,106, 208

Codes, codification, 1—33, 72, 73, 79, 93 Codex (book), 61, 64-4,128. See also

Books; Stationarius, stationarii

Codex iuris canonici, 74 “Codex Theresianum,” 3 Codice: albertino, 10; Civile (Duchy of

Parma), 10; Civile: (Italy, 1865-66), ιι, 26; (1942), 27—29; civilepergli Stati di SuaMaestd U Redi Sardegna, 10; di Commercio, ιι, 26, 27; di Procedurape­nale (1930), 26—27; (1940-42), 27; (1988), 31; Penale, 26—27; per IoRegno delle Due Sicilie, 10

Collectio CanonumAnselmo dedicata, 48 Collection of the Three Books, 67 Collegium, collegia, 86,119,120,122,123 Cologne, 108,123, 219

Columban, St., rule of, 49

Columbus, Christopher, 203, 225-26 Comitiva, comitivae, 118-19 Commentators, commentaria, in, 147—

48.177.190, 211, 212, 215, 217 Commercial law, 9,10, ιι, 23, 27, 28, 57,

221-22

Common law (English), 32

Common law (Europe). SeeIus com­mune: common law (Europe)

Communitates, 118

Concordia discordantium canonum. See De­cretum (Concordia discordantium canonum)

Concordiae, 156

Confoederatio Cumprincipibus ecclesiasticis, 108

Corman, Franςois de (Franciscus Conna­nus), 207

Conring, Hermann, 222

Consilium, consilia, 81,147,154-55,190, 201,211—15

Consortium, consortia, 118 Consolidations, legislative, 2-4, 25 Constantinople, 37, 88, 203

Constitutio. See “De auctoritate Codicis,” Constitutio, “Habita,” Constitutio-, “Omnem,” Constitutio-, “Puritatem,” Constitutio

Constitutiones: of Aix-en-Provence, 105; Ctegidianae, 87; Marchiae Anconitanae, 87; Regni, 93

Constitutions, 2-3, 34, 38, 93

Constitutions of Melfi. See Liber: Augus­talis

Constitutum: legis, 86; usus, 86 Consuetudo, consuetudines, 78, 92,151,155, 174. See also Custom, customary law

Consuetudines: feudorum, 68, 16τ,gerun- denses, 99; Ilerdenses, 99; of Messina, 92,108; of Toulouse, 105; of Trapani, 92,108

Consuetuts de Barcelona Vulgarmente dites Io “Recognoverunt Proceres,” 99

Corporative bodies, 85, 86,104,107,178 Corpus iuris canonici, 73-74, 82, no, 124­25,126,139,211,216

Corpus iuris civilis, 62—63, 64—65, 82,100, no, 114,124-28,130,131,139,141, 144, 145,152,154,168,171,172,179—86,187, 191, 207-8, 211, 213, 216. See also Justi­nian’s texts

Coutumes, 103,155; of Anjou, 103; de Beaumanoir, 104-5,108-9; of Brit­tany, 103; ofBurgundy, 103; de Cler­mont en Beauvaisis, 104-5; of Tou- raine, 103

Coutumiers, 104,105,108

Covarruvias, Diego, 230

Cracow, no

Cratinus, 37

Criminal law, 9, 69, 73, 76, 222

Cuenca, 98

Cujas, Jacques, 208

Custom, customary law, 40-44, 66, 83­99, ιoι-6,140-41,151,156, 205, 218

D’Ableiges, Jacques, 105

D’Alessandro, Alessandro, 209, 210 Dante Alighieri, ιoι, 163,178,186 Dauphine, 102

“De auctoritate Codicis,” Constitutio, 34 Deciani, Tiberio, 214

Decrees, 30, 68

Decreta seu Statuta, 86

Decretales of Gregory DC, 71, 73,109,179. See also Liber: Extra

Decretales Clementinae. See Clementinae (Decretales Clementinae')

Decretals (decretales), 48, 68-69,74

Decretum (Concordia discordantium cano­num), i, 65-68, 71-73,126,134,143, 145,165,175,176,197. See also Gratian

De Luca, Giovan Battista, cardinal, 220— 21

Demolombe, Charles, 12

Demburg, Heinrich, 19

Descartes, Rene, 234

Deutschenspiegel, 109

Dialectic, 47,48,154,179—84,189. See also Argumentation; Modus, modi ar­guendi

Digest (Pandects) (Digesta-, Pandectae), 19, 24, 38, 40, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67,128,

133,136,172,181,182,190, 222, 233

Digestum novum, 62, 63,128,172,190 Digestum vetus, 62, 63,128,147,166,172, 187,190

Dinus of Mugello, 184,187

Divorce, 9,28, 76—77

Doctrine. See Legal science

Dole, 106

Dominium, 18, 75, 96,152,157,159

Dominus, domini, 117,118,119

Doneau, Hugues (Hugo Donellus), 207 Dorotheus, 37

Duaren, Franςois (Franciscus Duare- nus), 207

Du Breuil, Guillaume, 105

Dueling, 104

Dumoulin, Charles (Carolus Molineus), 207

Durantis, Guillielmus, 216

Ecloga ton nomδn, 39

Edicta, 41-42,45,50,52

Edictum: of Rothari, 41; Theoderici, 36 Edicts, 37,41-42. See also Constitutions;

Royal laws

Eike von Repgow, 109 Eleonora of Arborea, 88 Emptio-venditio, 152,153 Engels, Friedrich, 23 England. See Great Britain Enrico of Susa (Henricus de Segusio;

Hostiensis), 176

Epitome: Codicis, 40,53, 61; Codicis aucta, 53; Juldensis, 36; Gai, 36, 38; Juliani, 38; Sancti Galli, 36

Equity, 72,151,160-62,172,180,188-89,

192

Erasmus of Rotterdam, 206, 226 Erfurt, 219

Especulo, too. See also Siete Partidas Etablissement de Saint-Louis, 105 Ethics, 47,112,160,197

Exceptiones Petri (Exceptiones Iegum ro­

manarum), 52,54

Exemplar, exemplaria, 64,121 Expositio ad Librum Papiensem, 52,53 Extravagantes: communes, 74,145; Jo-

hannis XXII, 74,145

Fano, 87

Farinaccio, Prospero, 222 Favre, Antoine (Antonius Faber), 207 Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, 203, 225 Ferdinand III, king of Lcon and Castile,

99

Feudal law, 3, 68, 84,151

Flanders, 102,103

Florence, 85,122, 209 Forumjudiciorum, 41. See also Lex: Visigo­tharum

France, 6-π, 9,12,38, 39, 41, ιoι-6,155,

173,178,184, 200, 206—8, 223, 232 France, Anatole (Jacques-Anatole-Fran-

ςois Thibault), 23-24

Franche Comte, 102,106 Franchises et coutumes of Besanςon, 105 “Four Doctors,” 112,133,167

Franciscus Accursii, 184

Franciscus Connanus. See Connan, Fran- ςois de (Franciscus Connan us)

Franciscus Duarenus. See Duaren, Fran-

ςois (Franciscus Duarenus) Frankfurt am Main, 108, 215 Fratemitas, 118 Freccia, Marino, 209, 210 Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman em­

peror, 68,107,120

Frederick II, king of Sicily, Holy Roman emperor, 68, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96,107, 108,120,121

Frederick William II, king of Prussia, 4

Freiburg im Breisgau, 107, 219

Fuero, Jueros, 97—98,155

Fuero: Juzco, 41, 99; Real, 100

Gaius, 36,153

Galicia, 98

Galluro, 87

Gama, Vasco da, 203, 226

Gascony, 102

Gelasius I, pope, 75

Gelasius II, pope, 62

Germany, 14,18-21, 24-25, 38, 39, 41, 44, 79 n.ι, 106-ιι, 149,173,178,199-200, 206, 217—20, 221, 222—24, 226

Gerona, 99

Giovanni d’Andrea (Johannes Andreae), 147,176-77, 215

Gloss (glossa, glossae) and glossators, 96, 109, in, 129—33,'43, ⁱ7², 176,187

Glossa ordinaria,glossae ordinariae, 147, 176,177, 216

Glossa ordinaria (Accursius). SeeMagna glossa (Glossa ordinaria)

Godefroy, Denis, 208

Godefroy, Jacques, 208

Goffredo of Trani (GofFredus de Trano), 176

“Golden Bull,” 108

Grand coutumier de France, 105,108

Granada, 203

Gratian, ι, 65-68, 70, 71, 73,126,134, i45, 159,162-63,165,167,176, 204

Great Britain, 32, 38, 223, 232, 233

Gregory VII, pope, 51

Gregory VIII, antipope, 62

Gregory IX, pope, 70, 71, 73, 76-77, 93~ 94, 95, 96, 145,176, 177,197

Gregory XIII, pope, 74

Gregory of San Chrisogono, cardinal, 67

Gribaldi, Matteo, 209

Grimoald I, duke of Benevento, king of Lombard Italy, 41

Grotius, Hugo, 232—34

Guglielmo, 52

Guglielmo (Guillelmus Accursii), 173

Guicciardini, Francesco, 209

Guido of Suzzara, 145,148,184

Guillelmus Budeus. See Bude, Guillaume

(Guillelmus Budeus)

Guillelmus de Cabriano, 130

Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, 41 Gutenberg, Johannes, 215

“Habita,” Constitutio, 67,120,121 Hamburg, 107, no-11

Hamburger Stadtreformation, in

Hapsburg family, 178 Heidelberg, no, 122,123, 219

Henricus de Bayla, 130

Henricus de Segusio. See Enrico of Susa

(Henricus de Segusio; Hostiensis)

Henry I, duke of Brabant, 107

Henry V, Holy Roman emperor, 62 Heresy, 67,104

Hesse, 107

“Hierarchy,” 70, 72, 79-80, 89-91, ιoι,

149-52,174,186

Hildebrand, cardinal. See Gregory VII, pope

“Historical interpretation,” 13

Historical school, 18-19, 29

Holland, 224, 226, 232, 233

Holy Roman Empire, 48, 67-68, 74-76,

94, 95, 96,102,106—7, 108,157,178, 197, 217, 219

Honorius III, pope, 69, 70,102,119,120, 121

Hostiensis. See Enrico of Susa (Henricus de Segusio; Hostiensis)

Hotman, Franςois, 206-7, 208

Hoyer von Falkenstein, count of Sax­ony, 109

Huesca, 123

Hugo, Ii 3,167

Hugo Donellus. See Doneau, Hugues

(Hugo Donellus)

Hugo of Saint Victor, 127-28 Hugolinus (de Presbiteris), 96,130,133,

168-69,171,172,173,174,183 Huguccio, 135,176 Humanism, juridical, 79, ιoι, 194—95,

202, 204-10, 215, 216, 224, 234

Humbert de Moyenmoutier, 51

Humbert de Romans, 127

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 16,18

Iberian Peninsula, 35-36, 39, 81, 97-101,

173,178,199—200, 203, 221. See also Por­tugal; Spain

Imperium, 43, 75, 94, 95, 96,157,159 “Indies,” “Indians.” See Americas Infortiatum, 62, 63,128,172,183,190 Inheritance, 9,10, 28

Innocent III, pope, 69, 70,120,176 Innocent ΓV, pope, 140 n.17,176 Innsbruck, 107

Institutes (Institutiones), 38,40, 61, 62, 63, 128, 133, 172, 233

International law, 232-33 Interpretation, n-12,13, 45, 53, 68,153 Irnerius, 58-59, 60, 61-62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71,112—13,123,129,130,133,159-62, 167,172, 204

Irti, Natalino, 28

Isabella, queen of Castile, 203,225 Isidore of Seville, 46-47, 48, 67 Italy, 5, 9, ιo-ιι, 25-29,30-31,38,39-40, 41,53-54, 83-96,107,155, 206, 208-11, 218, 220—24. See also Cities and towns

Iudex, 45, 87—88

Iura, 24, 38

Ius commune, 18,19, 55-77, 79—83, 90, 94, 97,100—ιoι, 105,106,109, no, 124—25, 140,141,144,148,151,152-55,163,174, 197, 204, 211,216, 223, 234-35; com­mon law (Europe), 32; historical inter­pretation of, 13, 205, 214; reception of, in Germany, 217-20, 222, 224; rela­tion of, to ius proprium, 32, 82—83, 90- 91,149-59,163-64,172,178-79,184- 86,191-94,197-99, 201, 204-5, 222, 229. See also System, the law as

Ius proprium, iura propria, 32, 78—in, 124-25,141,149-52,153,154,155-56, 157-59,172,178-79,184-86,191-94, 197-98, 204—5, 206, 211, 219, 222, 229

Ius regium, 151. See also Royal laws Iustitia, 50

Ivo of Chartres, 48, 67

Jaca, 98

Jacobus, 113,167,179-80

Jacobus Balduini. See Baldovini, Jacopo (Jacobus Balduini)

Jacobus de Arena, 217

Jacobus de Ravanis. See Revigny, Jacques de (Jacobus de Ravanis)

Jacques de Vitry, 115 n.9

Jews, 104,106 Jhering, Rudolf von, 21—22

Johannes Andreae. See Giovanni d’An­drea (Johannes Andreae)

Johannes Teutonicus, 69,176

John XIX, pope, 51

John XXII, pope, 73, 74, i97, 200

John ofFaenza, 135,176

John of Salisbury, 129

John of Wales, 69

Joseph II, emperor of Austria, 3 Judges, 8, 42, 45-46,56, 69, 73 Jtdianus, 38

Jurisprudence. See Legal science

Jurists, 34-35, 36,37-38,44-46,52-53,56, 59—60, 86,149-202 passim; role and status of, 12,19-20,30,195-202, 204­6, 211, 214-15, 219

Justinian, emperor of the Roman Em­pire of the East, 61, 65,144,187, 206, 207, 222

Justinian’s texts, 37-40,52-54,58, 59, 60, 62-63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 74, 96,106, no, 112,128,135,140,151,152,159,168,172­74,182,183,187, 205, 206, 222, 224, 230. See also Corpus iuris civilis, Libri le­gales

Jutland (Denmark), 107

Kant, Immanuel, 15 Kriminalgerichtsardnung, 4

Labor law, 25-26, 28,55-57,183 Lambertinus de Ramponibus, 184,187 Lambertus, 59

Landfriede, 156 Landrecht, 4, 6, 9,14

Langenbeke, Hermann, no-11 Language (Latin; vernacular), 43,44,56, ∏6,152-53,178-79, 221

Languedoc, 102

Laon, 103

Las Casas, Bartolome de, 230, 231-32 Laudamenta curiae, 155

Law, 50, 68, 72; collections of, 35-36, 40—42,48-49; of force, 50,156. See also Canon law; Civil law; Criminal law; Custom, customary law; Feudal law; International law; Labor law; Le­gal science; Maritime law; Penal law; Seignioral law; Royal law. For spe­cific types of laws, see also Atours;

Bills; Breve, brevia; Canons; Capitula­ries (capitula, capitularia); Constitu­tions; Consuetudines; Decrees; Decre­tals (decretales); Edicts; Iura;

Ordonnances; Privileges urbains; Rega- liae; Statutum, statuta

“Laws and Constitutions,” Kingdom of Sardinia, 2—3

Lectura, Iecturae, 128-29,132—33,134,135, 137,139,143,145-48,170,187, 216, 217

Legal science, 12-14,46-48,50,52-54, 112,113,126—48,152,153,163—66,195— 202

Legality, 50,155-56,162

Leggi civili e Criminalipel Regno di Sarde­gna, 10

Leipzig, 219

Leo III, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, 39

Leon, 98, 99

Leopold I (Pietro Leopoldo), grand duke of Tuscany, later Holy Roman emperor as Leopold II, 3

Lerida, 99,116,123

Lex: Alamannorum, 41; Baiwariorum, 41; Burgundionum, 41; Gundobada, 41; Ri- puaria, 41; RomanaBurgundionum, 36; Romana canonice compta, 48; Ro­mana Curiensis, 36; Romana Raethica Curien sis, 36; Romana Visigothorum, 36, 38; Salica, 41; Visigothorum, 41, 99 Liber: Augustalis, 93-94, 95—96; Consti­tutionem, 89, 93; Constitionum Sanctae Matris Ecclesiae, 87; consuetudinum of Milan, 84; Extra, 71, 72, 73, 76-77, 93-96,143,145,175,176,177,197; Pa- piensis, 43,52, 83; Sextus, 72—74,140 n.17,145,175,176-77,197

Libertades of Lyons, 105

Libri frudorum, 68, 84,100,167

Libri legales, 59, 60, 61, 63,112,130,133, 134,144,146,147,148,173,174,178. See also Corpus iuris civilis; Justinian’s texts

Libri magni, 143

Libro: del Fuero, 100; de las Leyes, 100. See also Siete Partidas

Liguria, 2-3, 87

LiUe, 103

Literacy, 35, 42-43,49

Liutprand, king of the Lombards, 41­42, 43, 45-46, 50

Logudoro, 87

Lombard kingdom: law of, 40,41-43,

53, 83, 84, 89,151 Lombarda_y 83 Lombardy, 60, 87; Lombardy-Venetia,

10

Lords, territorial: laws of, ιι, 78,104, 105—6

Louis IX, king of France, 104,178 Lubeck, 107

Lucas of Penna, 180, 210

Lucca, 9,54

Luther, Martin, 220, 224, 226, 229 Lyons, 35,105, 215

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 209

Madrid, 98,100

Magdeburg, 107

Magnaglossa (Glossa ordinaria) _y 147,148,

169,172—74,175,187, 212, 215, 216 Maine, 102 Mainz, 108, 215 Malombra, Riccardo, 140 n.17, 200—201,

212

Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 3 Mariano, iudex of Arborea, 87, 88 Maritime law, 3, 233

Marital laws, 9,10, 28, 69, 73, 76-77,183 Marseilles, 35

Martin of Aragon the Younger, king of

Sicily, 91—92

Martinus (Martinus Gosia), 112,130,134,

167,172

Marx, Karl: Marxists, 23

Matilda of Canossa, countess of Tus­cany, 61, 62

Maurice of Saint-Victor, 114-15,196 Medici family, 209

Melfi, 93

Messina, 88, 89, 92,108

Metz, 103

Milan, 84, 209

Mining, 25

Modena, 117,120,167

Modus_y modi arguendi_y 12,140,144,154, 181-82,184,185,187

Mohammed II, Ottoman sultan, 203 Monasteries, 49, 83

Montpellier, 82,105,106,116,123,167 Moravia, 107

Mortara, 51

Mosgallicus_y 206, 210, 220

Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, 5

Mursia, 99

Mussolini, Benito, 26

Naples, 10, 42, 88, 94, ∏6,117, 209; king­dom of, 9

Napoleon Bonaparte, 7, 9

Napoleonic Code. See Code-, civil

Natio_y nationes_y 108,118,119,120-22,123 Natural law, 79, ιoι, 228, 233-34

Naturalistic school, 21-23

Nature (natura) _y 166, 227, 228, 230

Navarra, 98

Nebrija, Elio Antonio de (Nebrissensis),

206

Networks of glosses, 131—32,133,143, 145-46,176,177

Niccolo dei Tedeschi (Nicolaus de Tudeschis; Panormitanus), 147,177

Nicholas II, pope, 51

Nimes, 103

Normandy, 102,104

Notaries, 43, 46,56, 83,152

Noto, 92

Novella, 177

Novella-, in Decretales_y 177; in Sextum_y 177 Novels (Novellae Constitutiones), 38,40, 62, 63, 68,128,172,190

Nuremberg, 107

Oberto dall^,Orto (Obertus de Horto),

84

Obligatio_y 152,153

Odilo of Valence, 54

Odofredus (Odofredus Denariis), 59­

60, 76,135,168,170—71,174,175, 216

Oliveto, 51

“Omnem,” Constitutio_y 37

Oral transmission of knowledge, law,

40-44,126-28,130,156,173 Ordenamiento of Alcala de Henares, ιoι Orders, religious, 49,51,52,163 Ordonnance: of 1230,104; of Chartres,

104; de I’administration municipale de bonnes villes_y 104

Ordonnances_y 103-4,155-56; of Paris, 104

Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 3

Orleans, 82,105, ∏6,123

Otranto, 35, 88

Otto, duke of Merano, 107

Ovid, 144

Oxford, 123

Pactus Alamannorum, 41

Padua, 69, 82, 85, no, ∏6,117,121,174,

200, 209, 218

Palencia, 116,123

Palermo, 88, 92

Palimpsests, 173 Pandectae. See Digest (Pandects) (Digesta;

Pandectae)

Pandectists, 19—25, 29

Pandects. See Digest (Pandects) (Digesta;

Pandectae) '

Panormitanus. See Niccolo dei Tedeschi

(Nicolaus de Tudeschis; Panormi­tanus)

Papal States, 72, 86—87

Papinian (Aemilius Papinianus), 36 Paris, 102,103,115,117,122,123, 215 Parma, Duchy of, 10

Patti, 92

Paul III, pope, 87

Paul, 36 Paulus de Castro, 147 Pavia, 45, 60,122

Pays-, de droit coutumier, 102-5,106,108­

9; de droit ecrit, 102,105-6,173,184 Peciae, 121 Pecs, no, 122

Penal law, 3, 9,10, 26—27; procedure, 4,

10,31

Pepo (Pepone), 59—60,61

Perugia, 82, no, in, 116,117,122,191 Peter I (The Cruel), king of Castile and

Leon, ioi

Petrarca, Francesco, 208

Petrus de Bellapertica. See Belleperche,

Pierre de (Petrus de Bellapertica) Pfahlburgergesetze, 108

Philip II (Augustus), king of France, 102 Philip II, king of Spain, 203, 225, 230 Philip III (the Bold), king of France, 105 Philip IV (the Fair), king of France, 178 Piedmont, 2-3,10, 86, 87 Pier della Vigna, 93

Pietro II, count of Savoy, 86,106

Pietro Leopoldo, grand duke of Tus­

cany, 3

Pillius Medicinensis, 130,167,172 Pio, Rodolfo, of Carpi, cardinal, 87 Pisa, 60, 86

Pisanelh, Giuseppe, n Placentinus, 106,117,130,134,167,172,

196—97, 216

Pocapaglia (Paucapalea), 67

Poland, 107

Pontano, Ludovico, 209

Portugal, 221, 232. See also Iberian Pen­insula

“Practical jurisprudence,” 220—22, 223, 224

Pragmatica Sanctiopropetitione Vegilii, 39-40

Prague, no, 122,123, 219

Printing, 215-17

Privileges urbains, 103

Property, 8, 9, 21-22, 23, 28,160-61. See also Dominium

Provence, 60,102,106 Prussia, 4, 6, 9,14-15,107

Pufendorf, Samuel von, 234

Puglia, 88, 89

Punctum, puncta, punctatio librorum, 136-37

“Puritatem,” Constitutio, 89-90, 94,151

Quadrivium, 48

Quaestio, quaestiones, 138,143—44,145—47, 155; disputata(e), 139-43,170,187,190; ex facto emergens, 135,140-41,155,170; feudorum, 141,185; in ScholaBulgari dis­putatae, 139; magistrales, 137; publice disputata(e), 135,137,140,141,143; sta­tutorum, 141,155,170,185

Quinque Compiliationes antiquae, 68—70, 71,175,176

Rachis, king of the Lombards, 42 Ralph Niger, 59, 61

Ravenna, 35, 60

Raymond of Pennafort, 71

Raymond de Rocosel, bishop of Lo- deve, 115

Recesvinde, king of the Visigoths in Spain, 41

“Redaction,” 130-31,132,133,139,146-47

Reformation de moeurs dans la Languedoc et la Languedoil, 104

Regaliae, 157,158

Reggio Emilia, 85,116,117,120

Regnum Siciliae, 56, 80, 88-96, 99, ioi, 103—4,151. See also Sicily

Repetitio, repetitiones, repetitores, 135,137— 39,143,147

“Reporting,” 130-31,132, B3, B9, i43

Revigny, Jacques de (Jacobus de Ra- vanis), 139 n.13,161-62,182,183,187, 217

Rheinpfalz, 108

Riccardo of Saliceto, 148

Rimini, 35

Rocco, Alfredo, 26-27

RofFredus Beneventanus, 95,127,130,

174,175

Roger II, king of Sicily, 88, 89, 93 Rogerius, 130,134,161,167,172 Rolandus, 135,176

Roman empire, 34-36, 64-65,165 Roman law, 10,18,19,39, 43,53-54,58,

65, 66, 83, 89, 96,102,106,109,149,

151,165,183,199, 218; historical view

of, 13,18-19, 29, 205, 208, 214-15, 224.

See also Corpus iuris civilis; Justinian’s texts

Rome (city), 35,116,117, 215

Romulus Augustulus, Roman emperor of the West, 34

Rostock, 219

Rothari, Lombard king of Italy, 41 Rouen, 103

Royal laws, 41-42, 72, 81, 86, 88-96, 99­

100,104, 105-6,124,151,155-56,189, 204-5, 206 RudolfI, king of Germany, Holy Ro­

man emperor, 178 RudolfIV, archduke of Austria, no Rufinus, bishop of Assisi, 135,176 “Rules of Civil Procedure” (Civilgerichts-

ordnung), 3

Sachsenspiegel, 109 Sainte-Genevieve, abbey of, 103 Saint-Germain-des-Pres, abbey of, 103 Salamanca, 82, 98,122,123, 230; school

of, 210,225,226—29

Salemo, 88

San Gimignano, 117

Sandeo, Felino Maria, 209

Saragossa, 35, 98

Sardinia, 2-3,10, 87-88,210; Kingdom

of, 2-3,10

Sassari, 87

Savigny, Friedrich Carl von, 14-19, 29 Savoy, 86, 87,102,106; house of, 10, ιι,

²⁷.

Saxolinus, 54

Saxony, 107,108,109

Scaccia, Sigismundo, 222

Schola, scholae, 113,117

Scholia Sinaitica ad Ulpianos Libros ad Sa­binum, 37

Schools, 42-43,112; of law, 82,106,112­14,116-22,126-48,218

Schwabenspiegel, 109

Schwartz, Andreas Bertalan, 4

Scientia iuris, 50. See also Legal science Scribae. See Notaries

Secunda Scholastica, 79, ιoι, 202, 204, 210, 215, 224-32, 233, 234

Seigniorial law, 22,103,189, 206, 220 Seigniory, 75,103,158-59

Seneca, 100

Sententia, 213

Sepulveda, Juan Gines de, 230—32

Seville, 35

Sforza family, 209

Sicily, 91,108,178, 210; Kingdom of, 158, 178; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 10. See also Regnum Siciliae

Siena, 117,209

Siete Partidas, 81, ιoo-ιoι

Sigefredo, 52

Siglum, 130-31

Simone Vicentinus, 130

Sinibaldo dei Fieschi (Sinibaldus de Fieschis; later Pope Innocent ΓV), 176

Siracusa, 92

Sistema iuris, 12—14, 24, 29, 204

Sixtus IV, pope, 74

Society and law, 6-9,13-14,19-20, 27, 29-30,55-58

Soto, Domingo, 230,231

Sovereignty, 157-59

Sozzini (Socini), Mariano, 209

Spain, 35-36, 38, 39,41, 99-100,155, 206, 224, 225—26, 232. See also Iberian Pen­insula

Sparano of Bari, 89

Spoleto, 42

Stationarius, stationarii, 63, 64,121,142, 174

Statuta-. et leges municipales of Arles, 105; facta post pacem of Aix-en-Provence, 105; proborum virorum of Avignon, 105; Sabaudie, 106; “Super officiali­bus,” 106

Statutes, 84-85,121-22,140-41,205,206 Statutum in favorem principum, 108

Statutum_y sta,tuta_y 78, 84,105,106,108, 109,151,155,17+

Stephen of Tournai (Stephanus Torna- censis), 135,176

Stracca, Benvenuto, 222

Stratum (of a gloss), 131—33

Stryk, Samuel, 222

Students, 114-19

Studium_y studia_y 116,120,122,124,125. See also Schools: of law; Universities

Studium-. Curiae_y 117; Generate, no; of Naples, 94-95,120; Urbis_y 117

Stylus curie Parlamenti_y 105

Styria, 107

Subject, juridical, 6-7, 8, 9,11

Succession, 9, 23

Summa, summae_y 133-35,143,176,177, 216

Summa: aurea_y 176; de Iegibus Norman­die, 104,108; Trecensis_y 134,166

Switzerland, ιoι, 173, 226

System, the law as, 12-18,19, 24-25,149­202, 204, 214, 215, 223, 234-35

Testo: Antico_y 92,108; unieo_y 25-26

Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, 35

Theodosius II, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, 34

Theology, 47-48,112,162,196-97, 226­28

Theophilus, 37

Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus, 14,16

Thomas Aquinas, St., 100,178, 225, 226

Thomasius, Christian, 4

Tiraqueau, Andre (Andreas Tiraquel- lus), 207

Tocco, Carlo of, 130

Toledo, 35, 98

Torelli, Lelio, 209

Tortosa, 99

Toulouse, 35, 82,105,106, ∏6,122,123

Touraine, 103,105

Trani, 88

Trapani, 88, 92,108

Tres ancien Coutumier_y 104

Tres ancienne coutume de Bretagne_y 105

Tres Iibri_y 62, 63,128,172

Trespartes_y 62

Treviso, 85

Trial, 69, 73; by single combat, 42, 45

Tribonian, 37, 207

Trier, 108

Trivium, 47, 48,112

Tubingen, 219

Turin, 2

Turks, 203, 229

Tuscany, 53-54, 60, 87; Grand Duchy of,

3, 9,10

Tyrol, 107

Ubaldus, 59

Ugo, 52

Universitas, universitates, 109,118,119, 120—21,122,123,125,135,136,138,141, 142, 218

Universities, 12,16,17,18, 20, 25,32, 69, 70, 82,109, no, 120,122—25, 210, 218— 19, 230. See also Cities and towns

Usatges_y 99,155

Usatici Barchinoniae_y 99

Usury, 76

Usus modernus Pandectarum_y 202, 204, 220, 222-23, 224, 225

Utrumque ius_y 74-77, 78, 79-80,100—ιoι, 150. See also Corpus iuris canonici. Cor­pus iuris civilis

Vacca, Giuseppe, n

Valla, Lorenzo, 209

Valladolid, too

Vallombrosa, 52

Vangerow, Karl Adolph von, 19

Vasquez, Fernando, 230

Vaud, 86

Veneto, 87

Venice, 3, 85, 215

Verbum regis_y 43—44

Vercelli, 116,117

Verona, 60, 85

Vicenza, 116,117

Vico, Giovan Battista, 214

Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy, king of Sicily and Sardinia-Piedmont, 2

Victor Emmanuel III, king of Italy, 26 Vienna, 107, no, 123, 219

Vienne, Council of, 73

Vieux Coutumier de Poitou, 105

Vigilius, pope, 39

Visigoths, 35-36,39,41. See also Lex: Ro­mana Visigothorum

Vitoria, Francisco de, 210, 226-29, 230, 233

Volksgeist_y 17

Volumen_y Volumenparvum_y 63

Volumina_y 128

The Common Legal Past of Europe, 1000-1800 was composed in 10/12 Galliard by World Composition Services, Inc., Sterling, Virginia; printed on 6o-pound Glatfelter Supple Opaque Recycled and bound by Thomson-Shore, Inc., Dexter Michigan; and designed and produced by Kachergis Book Design, Pittsboro, North Carolina.