INDEX
abstractism, 68
access to justice, 11-12
Access to Justice Act 1999, 16 advice and instructions to clients:
lawyers', 108, 118-42 interview data, 108, 120-22 introduction, 118-19 alienation, 9-10 attitude to clients:
definition, 51, 68
negative, 68-70
persuasion and, 51
positive, 68-70
psychology, 68-70
bail applications, ‘coded', 141
interview data, 141
‘battle' model, 4-5
behaviour, lawyers' see lawyers' behaviour best value tendering:
legal aid contracts, distribution, 16-17 business volume, 92-5
interview data, 92-5
choice:
clients' decision-making, in, 127-32 concluding remarks, 139-42 interview data, 127-32
theory of, 131-2
Citizen's Advice Bureaux, 156, 157
CJSSS (criminal justice: simple, speedy, summary), 75-6
client-centred approach, 102-6 client-centredness, 96 clients:
client-focused research, 163
concluding comments, 162-5
confidence in lawyers, 132-9
consultations, lawyers' time and, 81-3 interview data, 81-3
contempt for lawyers, 101-6
direction of case, informed decision, 109-10 interview data, 109-10
guidance for, 163-4
guilty pleas as standard, 112-14
pressure for, 114-16
interviews, external pressures, 73-5
lawyers' control over, 127-32 interview data, 127-32 lawyers' opinions, 23-5 research on, 24-5
lawyers' rapport with, 73
lawyers' respect for, 101-6
profit-centred client approach, 102-3 socio-economic status, 64-6
interview data, 65
‘concretism', 68 confidence in lawyers, clients', 132-9 Conservative Government (UK, 2010):
legal aid, on, 153-4 consistency:
client interviews, in, 72-3 interview data, 72-3
representation, of, 79-81 interview data, 79-81 contempt:
definition, 102
psychology of, 105-6
control in decision making:
concluding remarks, 139-42
Magistrates Courts, in, 140
control in lawyer-client relationship, 122-6 definition, 122-3
divorce lawyers and, 123
lawyers, interview data, 125-6
United States, in, 123 4
counselling and lawyer-client relationship, 96-7 court hearings:
pressure, resistance against, 75-7 interview data, 75-7 crime control model, 3, 4 criminal defence, history of, 13-14 criminal justice:
modelling, 3-6
normative position, 2 criminal justice policy, political comment on, 7-8
criminal justice: simple, speedy, summary (CJSSS), 75-6
criminal legal aid, 15-17
budget for, 15-16
freezing of, 17
competition for, 16-17
history of, 13-14, 15
criminal legal aid research:
‘access to firms', 33-4
activities (tables), 36-7
‘arrangement of data', 38-9
criminal legal aid research (cont):
fieldwork with firms, 35-8
firms studied, 30-8
methodology, 21-39
introduction, 21-3
presentation and organisation, 38-9
time allocation, 34-5
criminal models, 5
see also specific subjects criminal process and human rights, 5-6 criminal process, functions, 2 Crown Courts and defendants, 10
decision-making and clients' choice, 127-32 interview data, 127-32
defendants:
Crown Courts and, 10
lawyers' legal representation of, 10-11
legal dependency, 10
Magistrates' Courts and, 9-10 need for lawyers, 8-9 dehumanisation:
definition, 98
example, 99
legal aid cases, of, 96-101 interview data, 96,98-100 discontinuous representation, 86, 87-9, 92-5
institutionalisation, 93
interview data, 86
displacement (Freudian defence mechanism), 66-8
interview data, 67
‘disrespect' defined, 102 divorce lawyers and control, 123 due process, 3-4
model, 4
values, 6
duty solicitors:
accreditation, 119-20
schemes, 11
ego:
lawyers' and social agenda, 59
self-image and, 54 equality of arms, 2, 4 ethical indeterminacy and legal aid service, 18-19 ethnography:
lawyer-client relationship, 23-5 research studies used, 23
European Convention on Human Rights:
Article 6.1, 11
Article 6.3 (c), 11
criminal process and, 5
facilitators, lawyers as, 119-22 fact-finding processes, informal, 4 factory approach of legal firms, 92, 95, 96
‘family model', 5
fixed fees, 15
public service ideal, 17-18
‘freedom' framework, 5
government:
legal aid work, view on, 66
interview data, 66
Graying, Chris (UK Justice Secretary), 153 guilt of clients, 47-8 guilty pleas:
academics' and lawyers' views contrasted, 129
generally, 124, 127
standard,
interview data, 112-14
pressure on clients, 114-16
human rights and criminal process, 5-6
‘ideal speech situation', 139-40
‘image management' of lawyers, 132-3 informed decisions, clients', 119-22 instructions, taking:
lawyers' role, 118-42
introduction, 118-19
interpretive approach, 26
structuralist approach, compared with, 26-7 interpretivism, 26-7 interpretivist stance, 26
justice:
access to, 1-20
overview, 2
concluding remarks, 165-8
‘freedom approach', 165-6
language as stress reliever, 52 law centres, 156, 157
Law Society:
Access to Justice Review (consultation paper 2010), 154-5
lawyer-centred client approach: interview data, 103-5
lawyer-client relationship:
access to justice, 1-20
analysis of, 96-7
concluding thoughts, 143-68 control in, 122-6
United States, in, 123-4 counselling, 96-7 ethnography, 23-5
research studies used, 23 financial circumstances, effect of, 17-20 interpretative research, 28-30 lawyers' attitudes see lawyers' attitudes lawyers' behaviour, 71-106
introduction, 71
lawyers' opinions of clients, 23-5 research on, 24-5
negative examples, 68-70
interview data, 69
positive examples, 68-70
interview data, 69
‘Radical' solicitors' firm see Radical solicitors' firm
record methodology results, 26
rhetoric, 148
‘Sausage Factory' solicitors' firms see Sausage Factory solicitors' firms
strain on, 20
structuralist, research on, 28-30 survey outcomes, 107-42 interview data, 112-18 introduction, 107
lawyer-prosecutor relationship, 110-12, 116-18 interview data, 110-12, 116-18
lawyers:
advice and instructions to clients, 108, 118-42 interview data, 108 introduction, 118-19
attitudes see lawyers' attitudes
behaviour see lawyers' behaviour
case handling, 92-5
interview data, 92-5
consistency of representation, 79-81 interview data, 79-81
contracts, distribution,
best value tendering, 16-17 organisation of research, 78-9 control over clients, 127-32
interview data, 125-6,127-32
informing clients about cases, 109-10 instructions, taking, 118-42
introduction, 118-19
legal representation of defendants, 10-11 need for, 7-12
prosecutors and, 110-12
interview data, 110-12
remuneration,
interview data, 55-8
self image see self image; lawyers'
sense of regret, 87
standards, monitoring, 167 values and ethics, financial considerations, 158-9
lawyers' attitudes, 40-70
clients' intelligence, on, 45-6
participant observation data, 45-6 conflicts in, 49-51 factual guilt of clients, 47-8 introduction, 40
moral culpability of clients, 46-7 professionals, as, 42-3 interview data, 42-3
psychological aspects, determination of, 51-2
relationship with clients, 43-5
comments on, 43-5
‘social agenda' comments, 41-2 lawyers' behaviour, 71-106 introduction, 71 organisation of research, 78-9 participant observation data, 77-106 introduction, 78-9,83-4
reaction to, 84-91
interview data, 86, 87, 90
remuneration, 89-91
interview data, 89-91
Legal Action Group, 166-7 legal aid:
advice sector schemes, 156
budgets, concluding remarks, 152-8 cases,
dehumanising elements, 96-101 interview data, 96, 98-100 clients see clients
concluding remarks, 152-8
Conservative Government (UK) policy, 153-4 contracts, distribution of,
best value tendering, 16-17 criminal see criminal legal aid cuts (UK, 2012), 153 financial circumstances, effect of, 17-20 Law Society consultation paper (2010), 154-5
lawyers' values, 158-62 private practice, 157-8
Public Defender Service, 155-6
interview data, 155-6 rates, reduction of, 18-19 schemes, mass, 14 service, ethical indeterminacy of, 18-19 triage system, 156-7 values and ethics, 156-60 welfare state and, 166 work, lawyers' image of, 62-3
interview data, 62-3
legal dependency and defendants, 10
legal profession, 12-14
‘classical paradigm', 13, 14 definition of, 12-13 lawyers' self image and, 64-8 medical profession compared with, 161 legal qualifications in career choice:
interview data, 61
Legal Service Counters (Dutch system), 157 ‘liberal bureaucratic' model, 4 local legal cultures, 150
magistrates courts, 9-10
control in decision-making, 140 defendants, in, 9-10 rhetoric, in,
survey data, 148-9
media attitudes in legal aid work, 66 interview data, 66
medical profession and legal profession compared, 161
‘Modernising Justice" (White Paper, 1998), 16 moral culpability of clients:
participant observation, 46-7
‘mutualism', 96-7
neurosis defined, 68
New Public Management, 86-7
participant observation explained, 22
‘populist punitiveness', 7
pressures, external:
interview data, 73-5
sources of client pressures, 74-5 interview data, 74-5
‘professional purity thesis', 64 profit-centred client approach, 102-3 prosecutors and lawyers see lawyer-prosecutor relationship
‘pyrotechnics' (in court), 133-9 definition, 133-4 effect of, 134-5 interview data, 133-9 ‘non-use' of, 135-6
‘Radical' solicitors' firms:
attitudes summarised, 144 behaviour summarised, 145 defined, 30-1
lawyer-client relationship summarised, 146-7 outcomes summarised, 145-6
survey results, 143-7
rapport with clients, 73
rationalisation (Freudian defence mechanism),
59-63
remuneration, 59-61 interview data, 60-1 lawyers' self-image and, 55-8 interview data, 56-7
profit-making and, 89-91
representation:
consistency of, 79-81 interview data, 79-81
discontinuous representation, 86, 87-9, 92-5 institutionalisation, 93 interview data, 86
research:
availability on-line, 164-5
integrated methodology, 27-30
theory, 92
Restructuring the Delivery of Criminal Defence Services (2010 report), 16
rhetoric:
concluding remarks, 147-52 double analytic focus, 151 lawyer-client relationship, 148 universal rhetorical situation, 151
right to representation, 4
‘rights' framework, 5
Rushcliffe Committee Report (1945), 14
‘Sausage Factory' solicitors' firms, 31-2 attitudes summarised, 144 behaviour summarised, 145 ego and, 54
lawyer-client relationship summarised, 146-7 outcomes summarised, 145-6
survey results, 143-7
scepticism, 150
self-image:
ego and, 54
Freudian theory, 52-4 lawyers,
legal profession and, 64-8 professionals, as, 52M interview data, 55
remuneration, 55-8
interview data, 56-7 social agenda, and, 58-63 interview data, 58
‘self-referential system', 10
social discipline model, 4
stand-alone interview, 22-3
standardisation of legal aid defence, 19 structuralism and structuralist approach, 25-7 interpretative approach, compared with, 26-7 structuration theory, 27-28
teachers and lawyers compared, 161
time, lawyers':
clients' consultations and interviews, 72-3,
81-3
interview data, 72-3, 81-3
triage system for legal aid, 156-7
volume businesses, 92-5
interview data, 92-5
welfare state and legal aid, 166
* * *
SECTION 1 - WHAT LAWYERS SAID ABOUT ATTITUDES
The formal interviews I conducted allowed the lawyers to have their say on topics salient to the issue of attitudes. The resultant data depicts positive attitudes and a healthy lawyer-client relationship.